In any standard reading of the Bible there are quite a few curious narrative depictions of supernatural events, unusual circumstances, or heroic individuals but one of the two great mysteries, starting way back in the Old Testament book of Genesis is the identity of the Angel of the LORD [Elohim/Yahveh]. This being has the authority of God and even God warns Moses that this one has the divine Name in Him and to obey His voice because He would not pardon their rebellions. There are times when God will say something and the next time it will be the Angel of the LORD speaking with the same authority, and not as the familiar angelic messengers from heaven that we are most familiar with, like Michael or Gabriel.
Besides a few unnamed ones here and there, such as the one who lost the wrestling match to Jacob in his dream or the Celestial Watchers who pronounced Heaven’s judgment against King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, whereby he would take on the nature of a beast of the field for a time because of his pride, until he humbled himself before God and recognized that He alone is sovereign and ruled in the kingdom of men (Cp. Daniel 4: 13-17). Among the scholarly circles and fundamental theological teaching in the Christian Church the Angel of the LORD is believed to be one of the pre-incarnate appearances (“theophany’s”) of Jesus Christ in the Old Testament period. That sounds quite plausible and there are certainly a few textual passages that seem to suggest just the very point, except the first chapter of Hebrews, which is included at the end of this study. Be that as it may, it is still a fascinating and at a the same time baffling point to fully understand.
Genesis 16: 7a, 9-10
The angel of the LORD found Hagar near a spring in the desert. The angel of the LORD told her, “Go back to your mistress and submit to her.” The angel added, “I will increase your descendants that they be too numerous to count.”
Genesis 22: 2, 9-12
Then God said, “Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains I will tell you about.” When they reached the place God had told him about, Abraham built an altar there and arranged the wood on it. He bound his son Isaac and laid him on the altar, on top of the wood. Then he reached out his hand and took the knife to slay his son. But the angel of the LORD called out to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am,” he replied. “Do not lay your hand on the boy,” He said. “Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God because you have not withheld from Me your son, your only son.”
Exodus 3: 1-6
Now Moses was tending the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the priest of Midian, and he led the flock to the far side of the desert and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. There the angel of the LORD appeared to him in flames of fire within a bush. Moses saw that though the bush was on fire it did not burn up. So Moses thought, “I will go over and see this strange sight-why the bush does not burn up.” When the LORD saw that he had gone over to look, God called to him from within the bush, “Moses! Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am!” “Do not come any closer,” God said. “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.” Then He said, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.”
Exodus 23: 20-22a
“See, I am sending an angel ahead of you to guard you along the way and to bring you to the place I have prepared. Pay attention to Him and listen to what He says. Do not rebel against Him; He will not forgive your rebellion, since My name is in Him. If you listen carefully to what He says and do all that I say. . .”
NOTE: The name of God revealed to Moses was ‘Ehyeh’ (Exodus 3: 14) or the derivative, “Yah” (Psalms 68: 4; 83: 18).
Numbers 22: 20, 31, 34-35
That night God came to Balaam and said, “Since these men have come to summon you, go with them, but do only what I tell you.” Then the LORD opened Balaam’s eyes, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the road with his sword drawn. So he bowed low and fell facedown. Balaam said to the angel of the LORD, “I have sinned; I did not realize you were standing in the road to oppose me. Now if you are displeased, I will go back.” The angel of the LORD said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but speak only what I tell you.” So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.
Deuteronomy 23: 5
Nevertheless, the LORD your God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD your God turned the curse into a blessing unto you because the LORD your God loved you.
Joshua 5: 13-15
Now when Joshua was near Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing in front of him with a drawn sword in his hand. Joshua went up to him and asked, “Are you for us or our enemies?” “Neither,” He replied, “but as commander of the army of the LORD I have now come.” Then Joshua fell facedown to the ground in reverence, and asked him, “What message does my LORD have for His servant?” The commander of the LORD’S army replied, “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy.” And Joshua did so.
Revelations 22: 8, 9a, 9b
And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship [do reverence] before the feet of the Angel, which showed me these things. Then He said to me, “See that you do it not; worship God (Revelations 19: 10; Colossians 2: 18).”
Judges 2: 1, 2b
The angel of the LORD went up from Gilgal to Bokim and said, “I brought you out of Egypt and led you into the land that I swore to your forefathers. I said, ‘I will never break My covenant with you. Yet you have disobeyed Me. Why have you done this?’ ”
Judges 6: 19-23
Gideon went in, prepared a young goat, and from an ephah of flour he made bread without yeast. Putting the meat in a basket and its broth in a pot, he brought them to him under the oak. The angel of God said to him, “Take the meat and the unleavened bread, place them on this rock, and pour out the broth.” And Gideon did so. With the tip of the staff that was in his hand, the angel of the LORD touched the meat and the unleavened bread. Fire flared from the rock consuming the meat and bread. The angel of the LORD disappeared. When Gideon realized that it was the angel of the LORD, he exclaimed, “Ah, Sovereign LORD! I have seen the angel of the LORD face to face!” But the LORD said to him, “”Peace! Do not be afraid. You are not going to die.”
Judges 13: 15-20, 21b-23
Manoah said to the angel of the LORD, “We would like you to stay until we prepare a young goat for you.” The angel of the LORD replied, “Even though you detain Me, I will not eat any of your food. But if you prepare a burnt offering, offer it to the LORD.” (Manoah did not realize that it was the angel of the LORD). Then Manoah inquired of the angel of the LORD, “What is your name, so that we may honor You when Your word comes true?” He replied, “Why do you ask My name? It is beyond understanding [ineffable].” Then Manoah took a young goat, together with the grain offering, and sacrificed it on a rock to the LORD. And the LORD did an amazing thing while Manoah and his wife watched: As the flame blazed up from the altar toward heaven (the sky), the angel of the LORD ascended in the flame. Seeing this, Manoah and his wife fell with their faces to the ground. Manoah realized it was the angel of the LORD. “We are doomed to die!” he said to his wife. “We have seen God.”
Exodus 33: 20
But God said, “You cannot see My face, for no man shall see Me and live!”
Hebrews 1: 2-5
In these last days [God] has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. Who being the brightness of His glory and the very image of His substance, and upholds all things by the word of His power. When He had by Himself purged our sins, He sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high. Being made so much better than the angels, He has by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. For to which of the angels did He ever say, You are My Son, today I have begotten You? And again, I shall be a Father to Him and He shall be a Son to Me? And when He again brings the Firstborn into the world, He says, “And let all the angels of God [Elohim] worship Him.”
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 15, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Friday, March 15, 2013
Tuesday, March 12, 2013
A tale of two Old Testament cities
Although this is not a Dicken's classic the narratives do contain a bit of irony.It seems the gay rights debate will be the defining issue of this country for many decades to follow, eclipsing even that of the Civil Rights legislation of the 1960’s. This controversy won’t go away and several Christian denominations have split over openly gay clergy or other involvement in church functions. To those believers who have attended bible classes or worship services, even infrequently, have either read or heard preachers quote the book of Genesis in the Old Testament about God destroying Sodom and the surrounding cities or towns. Progressive Churches that are more about acceptance, being non-judgmental and welcoming say there is another side to this event that is rarely mentioned instead of demonizing and condemning same-sexual relationships. What the focus of this study is in the way of contrast, that is, two different outcomes from essentially the same types of behaviors and no explanationn offered as to the outpouring of divine wrath in one case, and in another, silence.Some passage rereads are in the following:
Genesis 19: 1-8a’
The two angels arrived at Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gateway of the city. When he saw them he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. “My lords,” he said, “please turn aside to your servant’s house.” You can wash your feet and spend the night and then go your way early in the morning.” “No.” they answered, “we will spend the night in the square.” But he insisted so strongly [that the strange visitors not stay there] that they did go with him and entered his house. He prepared a meal for them, baking bread without yeast, and they ate. Before they had gone to bed, all the men from every part of the city of Sodom-both young and old-surrounded the house. They called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us that we can have sex with them.” Lot went outside to meet them and shut the door behind him and said, “No, my friends don’t do this wicked thing. Look, I have two daughters who are virgins. Let me bring them out to you and you can do what you like with them, but don’t do anything to these men.”
NOTE: Most, if not all the time the real emphasis of the story starts at verse 4 and nothing is hardly thought about verses 1 through 3.
Now, let’s look at another example that is almost identical but the results are far from what one would have expected.
Judges 19: 11-18
When they were near Jebus and the day was almost gone, the servant said to his master, “Come, let us stop at this city of the Jebusites and spend the night.” His master replied, No. we won’t go into an alien city, whose people are not Israelites. We will go on to Gibeah.” He added, “Come, let us try to reach Gibeah or Ramah and spend the night in one of those places.” So they went on, and the sun set as they neared Gibeah in Benjamin. There they stopped to spend the night. They went and sat in the city square, but no one took them into his home for the night. That evening an old man from the hill country of Ephraim, who was living in Gibeah (the men of the place were Benjamites), came in from his work in the fields. When he looked and saw the travelers in the city square, the old man asked, “Where are you going? Where did you come from?” He answered, “We are on our way from Bethlehem in Judah to a remote area in the hill country of Ephraim where I live. I have been to Bethlehem in Judah and now I am going to the house of the LORD. No one has taken me into his house.
Judges 19: 20, 22-24
“You are welcome at my house,” the old man said. Let me supply whatever you need. Only don’t spend the night in the square.” While they were enjoying themselves, some of the wicked men of the city (Gibeah) surrounded the house. Pounding on the door, they shouted to the old man who owned the house, “Bring out the man who came to your house so that we can have sex with him [the man had a servant so it would be ‘them,’ wouldn’t it??]. The owner of the house went outside and said to them, “No, my friends don’t be so vile (wicked). Since this man is my guest, don’t do this disgraceful thing. Look, here is my virgin daughter, and his concubine. I will bring them out to you now, and you can use them and do to them whatever you wish. But to this man, don’t do such a disgraceful thing.”
NOTE: In this instance there was no divine wrath of fire and brimstone leveled on these people of the covenant (“Benjamites”) as opposed to Sodom and the other surrounding cities.
Ezekiel 16: 49-50
Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and the needy [or strangers at the gate??]. They were haughty and did detestable things before Me.
CONCLUSION: There you have it. Some liberal and progressive Bible scholars believe that the sins of the Sodomites was not sexual in nature but rather one of lacking to show hospitality and respect to the strangers who sat in the town square all night, but is this really plausible? Both the texts of Genesis and Judges depict almost verbatim the same event, but the response from on High was surprising different; silence in the case of the latter. Not only that, but in the Genesis account why was Lot so insistent on his unexpected guests not spending the night at the town square, and certainly the inhabitants of Sodom should not have been hostile toward one of their neighbor’s [although an alien resident] practicing hospitality; just like the old man of Gibeah in the book of Judges? The inhabitants of Sodom deemed Lot’s interventionist part to be some kind of judgment or moral superiority which was met with resistance and threats of harm to him and doubtless his family, too. It’s like they could do whatever they wanted with impunity, without fear of the consequences, and that is what being ‘haughty’ is. So, whether the alternative emphasis will dissuade anyone from changing their view about homosexuality is not under consideration in this study, but rather to reintroduce it in a different light and let the reader decide what the right answer is for them.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 10, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Genesis 19: 1-8a’
The two angels arrived at Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gateway of the city. When he saw them he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. “My lords,” he said, “please turn aside to your servant’s house.” You can wash your feet and spend the night and then go your way early in the morning.” “No.” they answered, “we will spend the night in the square.” But he insisted so strongly [that the strange visitors not stay there] that they did go with him and entered his house. He prepared a meal for them, baking bread without yeast, and they ate. Before they had gone to bed, all the men from every part of the city of Sodom-both young and old-surrounded the house. They called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us that we can have sex with them.” Lot went outside to meet them and shut the door behind him and said, “No, my friends don’t do this wicked thing. Look, I have two daughters who are virgins. Let me bring them out to you and you can do what you like with them, but don’t do anything to these men.”
NOTE: Most, if not all the time the real emphasis of the story starts at verse 4 and nothing is hardly thought about verses 1 through 3.
Now, let’s look at another example that is almost identical but the results are far from what one would have expected.
Judges 19: 11-18
When they were near Jebus and the day was almost gone, the servant said to his master, “Come, let us stop at this city of the Jebusites and spend the night.” His master replied, No. we won’t go into an alien city, whose people are not Israelites. We will go on to Gibeah.” He added, “Come, let us try to reach Gibeah or Ramah and spend the night in one of those places.” So they went on, and the sun set as they neared Gibeah in Benjamin. There they stopped to spend the night. They went and sat in the city square, but no one took them into his home for the night. That evening an old man from the hill country of Ephraim, who was living in Gibeah (the men of the place were Benjamites), came in from his work in the fields. When he looked and saw the travelers in the city square, the old man asked, “Where are you going? Where did you come from?” He answered, “We are on our way from Bethlehem in Judah to a remote area in the hill country of Ephraim where I live. I have been to Bethlehem in Judah and now I am going to the house of the LORD. No one has taken me into his house.
Judges 19: 20, 22-24
“You are welcome at my house,” the old man said. Let me supply whatever you need. Only don’t spend the night in the square.” While they were enjoying themselves, some of the wicked men of the city (Gibeah) surrounded the house. Pounding on the door, they shouted to the old man who owned the house, “Bring out the man who came to your house so that we can have sex with him [the man had a servant so it would be ‘them,’ wouldn’t it??]. The owner of the house went outside and said to them, “No, my friends don’t be so vile (wicked). Since this man is my guest, don’t do this disgraceful thing. Look, here is my virgin daughter, and his concubine. I will bring them out to you now, and you can use them and do to them whatever you wish. But to this man, don’t do such a disgraceful thing.”
NOTE: In this instance there was no divine wrath of fire and brimstone leveled on these people of the covenant (“Benjamites”) as opposed to Sodom and the other surrounding cities.
Ezekiel 16: 49-50
Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and the needy [or strangers at the gate??]. They were haughty and did detestable things before Me.
CONCLUSION: There you have it. Some liberal and progressive Bible scholars believe that the sins of the Sodomites was not sexual in nature but rather one of lacking to show hospitality and respect to the strangers who sat in the town square all night, but is this really plausible? Both the texts of Genesis and Judges depict almost verbatim the same event, but the response from on High was surprising different; silence in the case of the latter. Not only that, but in the Genesis account why was Lot so insistent on his unexpected guests not spending the night at the town square, and certainly the inhabitants of Sodom should not have been hostile toward one of their neighbor’s [although an alien resident] practicing hospitality; just like the old man of Gibeah in the book of Judges? The inhabitants of Sodom deemed Lot’s interventionist part to be some kind of judgment or moral superiority which was met with resistance and threats of harm to him and doubtless his family, too. It’s like they could do whatever they wanted with impunity, without fear of the consequences, and that is what being ‘haughty’ is. So, whether the alternative emphasis will dissuade anyone from changing their view about homosexuality is not under consideration in this study, but rather to reintroduce it in a different light and let the reader decide what the right answer is for them.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 10, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Monday, March 11, 2013
The gospel according to the Church of Oprah
Oprah Winfrey has certainly received praise from her millions of followers but she gets criticized also. Probably the latest and ongoing controversy is the issue regarding her religious, oops, I mean, spiritual perspective. Some detractors feel that because of her public statements she should lose support from fans and corporate sponsors alike; but is this fair? This is America and a person is free to believe or not believe whatever they want to. Before summarizing a few of Miss O’s views the usual response is to line up several passages from the Bible to refute everything Oprah says, but that might not be necessary. Oprah claims that Jesus didn’t come to die on the cross for our sins but rather, to teach us “Christ Consciousness.” This term is not new and has been around for a long time, centuries before its popularity in America by the New Age Movement or Western-style Eastern mysticism. Jesus is seen as just another spiritual teacher in a long procession of others, dating back from millennia, who appeared on the scene to teach humanity some vital truth about reality, our purpose, social relationships, life and death, and about the Creator. Jesus wants us to attain this awareness within ‘ourselves’ and as I try to explain it to the best of my understanding, it’s like falling in love-you can’t put the feeling into words but you know it when you feel it. As Oprah says, “It’s what you come to know for yourself;” in other words, it’s your truth that is real, personal, and you don’t have to explain or prove it to someone else.
Another point she brings out is that God, or rather, knowing God is a ‘feeling’ experience and not a ‘believing’ experience. This statement would make any Christian cringe because “belief” is the foundation of our faith and it is the center from where we project ourselves into this world and social order that we are a part of. She continues, “Religion is all about a ‘believing experience’ then it’s truly not of God.” Oprah, I think, is trying to make too fine a distinction between the two twin pillars of believing and feeling and separating either one of them seems like a Mission Impossible. She does have a point that in some Christian circles there is an overabundance of stressing the word, “BELIEVE” without delineating what the response, expectation, and responsibilities are that go along with this choice. Oprah challenges the notion, or exclusivist proclamation that there is only ‘one’ way or path to God, but to her there are ‘many’ paths to God. Now, before the community of faith condemns her too harshly let’s take an inward look at ourselves before we pass judgment. I mean, how many Christian denominations are there with their own distinct religious literature, theology, liturgy that range anywhere from Hebraic Christians, Mormons, Pentecostals, Jehovah Witnesses, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodist, Quakers, Seventh-day Adventists, Salvation Army, affiliated and non-affiliated, ad infinitim; yet all of us claim to be serving and worshipping the same God and will be joining each other in Heaven, although we separate ourselves and do not fellowship one another while here on earth.
Getting back to the point about “Christ consciousness” an audience member said that to her it is having a deeper, inner connection to the ‘purpose’ that Jesus came to reveal, which is how to be fully human, as opposed to Him coming to die on the cross for sin. If one were to take such a position then Jesus, in fact, need not to have come at all because he didn’t reveal anything new. There were teachers of wisdom long before he came on the scene and have distilled much deeper, exquisite, esoteric and more practical teaching and knowledge than preserved in the gospels. The virtues of Eastern mysticism and Greek Philosophy are more profound than anywhere in the New Testament; so the three and one half year of Jesus’ ministry that culminated in His death just to perform a few miracles and astound mostly uneducated, simple working-class Galilean laborers and other peasants, would seem a great sacrifice if that was all there was to it. The audience member went on to say that if you don’t follow your spiritual calling, then you are lesser of a human. This is almost verbatim from Buddhism which says that a person’s goal in life is to find out what their work (“tikkun”) is in life to fulfill their purpose.
It seems “sin” is a word that makes people feel uncomfortable and it is much easier to simply exclude it from discussion. There are substitutes which men like Dr. Wayne Dyer and Eckhart Tolle like to use instead, like behavior resulting from having negative thoughts or something like that; and even God is presented as impersonal cosmic power, consciousness, or intelligence referred to as the “Source.” Al Gore once said, “We aren’t human beings having a spiritual experience but spiritual beings having a human experience.” To some of the Gnostics or spiritualists, Jesus Christ is a divine principle, concept, or idea that was made known but not so much a personal being; and the same thinking is applied to God as being-ness and without anthropological characteristics such as hearing, feeling, seeing, and so on. While it is true that the ‘spark’ of divinity resides within the human body to animate our physical life, innate moral capacity and sentience (“conscious awareness”), still we are flawed, imperfect, and broken in a spiritual sense compared to the perfectness and holy nature of God, our Father and Creator.
As a last point, at least on the merit of it, the most salient point is: “Man has made God in his own image-the eternal, infinite, unnamable was reduced to a mental ‘’idol’ that you had to believe in as God.” Enough cannot be written to counter the damaging psychological effect of European Renaissance religious imagery, iconography and art in portraying supernatural beings graven as images from man’s imagination, regardless of how ‘inspired’ the claims are, or out of the most pious devotion, reverence, and act of worship. It was not without good reason the prohibition in Exodus 20 was given by God regarding making images and idols of anything in heaven. There are even those who worship the angels as heavenly intermediaries between themselves and God and represent these beings in paintings, sculptures, and the like.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 10, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Another point she brings out is that God, or rather, knowing God is a ‘feeling’ experience and not a ‘believing’ experience. This statement would make any Christian cringe because “belief” is the foundation of our faith and it is the center from where we project ourselves into this world and social order that we are a part of. She continues, “Religion is all about a ‘believing experience’ then it’s truly not of God.” Oprah, I think, is trying to make too fine a distinction between the two twin pillars of believing and feeling and separating either one of them seems like a Mission Impossible. She does have a point that in some Christian circles there is an overabundance of stressing the word, “BELIEVE” without delineating what the response, expectation, and responsibilities are that go along with this choice. Oprah challenges the notion, or exclusivist proclamation that there is only ‘one’ way or path to God, but to her there are ‘many’ paths to God. Now, before the community of faith condemns her too harshly let’s take an inward look at ourselves before we pass judgment. I mean, how many Christian denominations are there with their own distinct religious literature, theology, liturgy that range anywhere from Hebraic Christians, Mormons, Pentecostals, Jehovah Witnesses, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodist, Quakers, Seventh-day Adventists, Salvation Army, affiliated and non-affiliated, ad infinitim; yet all of us claim to be serving and worshipping the same God and will be joining each other in Heaven, although we separate ourselves and do not fellowship one another while here on earth.
Getting back to the point about “Christ consciousness” an audience member said that to her it is having a deeper, inner connection to the ‘purpose’ that Jesus came to reveal, which is how to be fully human, as opposed to Him coming to die on the cross for sin. If one were to take such a position then Jesus, in fact, need not to have come at all because he didn’t reveal anything new. There were teachers of wisdom long before he came on the scene and have distilled much deeper, exquisite, esoteric and more practical teaching and knowledge than preserved in the gospels. The virtues of Eastern mysticism and Greek Philosophy are more profound than anywhere in the New Testament; so the three and one half year of Jesus’ ministry that culminated in His death just to perform a few miracles and astound mostly uneducated, simple working-class Galilean laborers and other peasants, would seem a great sacrifice if that was all there was to it. The audience member went on to say that if you don’t follow your spiritual calling, then you are lesser of a human. This is almost verbatim from Buddhism which says that a person’s goal in life is to find out what their work (“tikkun”) is in life to fulfill their purpose.
It seems “sin” is a word that makes people feel uncomfortable and it is much easier to simply exclude it from discussion. There are substitutes which men like Dr. Wayne Dyer and Eckhart Tolle like to use instead, like behavior resulting from having negative thoughts or something like that; and even God is presented as impersonal cosmic power, consciousness, or intelligence referred to as the “Source.” Al Gore once said, “We aren’t human beings having a spiritual experience but spiritual beings having a human experience.” To some of the Gnostics or spiritualists, Jesus Christ is a divine principle, concept, or idea that was made known but not so much a personal being; and the same thinking is applied to God as being-ness and without anthropological characteristics such as hearing, feeling, seeing, and so on. While it is true that the ‘spark’ of divinity resides within the human body to animate our physical life, innate moral capacity and sentience (“conscious awareness”), still we are flawed, imperfect, and broken in a spiritual sense compared to the perfectness and holy nature of God, our Father and Creator.
As a last point, at least on the merit of it, the most salient point is: “Man has made God in his own image-the eternal, infinite, unnamable was reduced to a mental ‘’idol’ that you had to believe in as God.” Enough cannot be written to counter the damaging psychological effect of European Renaissance religious imagery, iconography and art in portraying supernatural beings graven as images from man’s imagination, regardless of how ‘inspired’ the claims are, or out of the most pious devotion, reverence, and act of worship. It was not without good reason the prohibition in Exodus 20 was given by God regarding making images and idols of anything in heaven. There are even those who worship the angels as heavenly intermediaries between themselves and God and represent these beings in paintings, sculptures, and the like.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 10, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Sunday, March 10, 2013
Is Mystery Babylon Rome or Jerusalem?
The
traditional interpretation among the Protestant Christian theology in the book
of Revelation is that “Mystery Babylon” or the “Great Harlot” of chapter 17
refers to the Roman Catholic Church, but that might just be more of Reformation
Movement bias than critical exegesis. While it cannot be denied from an
Ecclesiastical and secular historical standpoint that Christians were martyred
in the Roman coliseums and elsewhere, was this European city portrayed in the
Revelation of John’s narrative? Now it could very well be that it is of
importance and included as a crucial piece in the unfolding Eschatological
events, but one cannot forget Jerusalem, either. In fact, it seems that the
‘holy city’ is a better fit to the puzzle than Rome. As far as the color purple
is concerned, it was just a sign of wealth and used in the parable of the Rich
Man and Lazarus (Cp. Luke 16: 17-31).
The golden cup that is mentioned in Revelation
17 can be found in Jeremiah 51
where Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of the LORD, instead of the cup used
by the Pope during the “Eucharist” or holy communion. Also, as far as harlotry
or prostitution is concerned, the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel strongly
and graphically (in some instances) condemn the practices and infidelity of
Samaria (Israel) and Jerusalem.
Revelation
11: 8
Luke
13: 33b
NOTE: Was Jesus crucified in Vatican City, Rome or outside Jerusalem?
Isaiah
3: 8a, 9
Jeremiah
23: 14b
Revelation
14: 6-7
NOTE: It is doubtful that the author
would have been amazed about the city of Rome but Jerusalem, on the other hand,
now that would have been quite a shock.
Revelation
18: 10, 20, 22, 22b, 23a, 24
NOTE: Jeremiah 25: 3-11 refers to Jerusalem being led into Babylonian
captivity and about the voices of the bride and bridegroom, light of the lamp,
and the sound of millstones.
Matthew
23: 35, 37a
Luke
11: 47-51a
Jeremiah
22: 8
Lamentations
2: 15
CONCLUSION: Outside of the
‘great city’ of Nineveh mentioned several times in the book of Jonah (Cp. Jonah
1: 2; 3: 2; and 4: 11). Jerusalem
seems to be the best candidate and not papal Rome. Although these examples may
be far from conclusive in the minds of some, yet the information seems to strongly
suggest that John was in shock and awe that the beloved city of the great King
and that has the name of God recorded in it could be portrayed so horribly. Be
that as it may, this is not a condemnation of those religious Jews who
faithfully serve their God but rather the secular, militaristic and political
Israelis (“Edomites”) whose interests are not spiritual, but rather to be an
integral part of a global consortium (government or council) that wants to rule the world.
Robert Randle
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 9, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
NOTE: Was Jesus crucified in Vatican City, Rome or outside Jerusalem?
Tacoma, WA 98402
March 9, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Monday, February 25, 2013
Jesus' appearance to His Disciples in the gospel of MARK
Bible scholars and theologians have debated the seemingly confusing ending to Mark’s gospel, accepting the first eight verses in chapter sixteen, while rejecting the remaining verses because they don’t appear in the earliest manuscripts and writings of the early Church Fathers or Ecclesiastical authorities. Be that as it may, a systematic and analytical reading of this last chapter alongside other gospel narratives relating to Jesus’ resurrection seem to more strongly support, at least as it pertains to the early post Sabbath events, some parts of the disputed latter portion over the earlier verses.
Mark 16: 1-8
When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might anoint Jesus’ body. Very early on the first day of the week, just after sunrise, they were on their way to the tomb and they asked each other, “who will roll the stone away from the entrance of the tomb?” But when they looked up, they saw that the stone, which was very large, had been rolled away. As they entered the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in a white robe sitting on the right side, and they were alarmed. “Don’t be alarmed,” he said. “You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene (Cp. Matthew 2: 23; Acts 24: 5), who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him. But go; tell His disciples and Peter, ‘He is going ahead of you to Galilee. There you will see Him, just as he told You.’” Trembling and bewildered, the women went out and fled from the tomb. They said nothing to anyone, because they were afraid.
NOTE: For whatever reason the Christian Church seems to accept this traditional and more controversial ending version as more authentically plausible, but not the alternative scenario starting at verse 9 and following. The one person quite unlikely to withhold spreading the good news about an empty tomb because of fear, bewilderment, or astonishment when told by a mysterious stranger about Jesus’ resurrection is Mary Magdalene, as in the following:
John 20: 18
Mary Magdalene went to the disciples with the news: “I have seen the LORD!” And she told them that He had said these things to her.
Mark 16: 9-12
When Jesus rose early on the first day of the week, He appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had driven seven demons. She went and told those who had been with Him and who were mourning and weeping. When they heard that Jesus was alive and that she had seen Him, they did not believe it [they did not believe her]. Afterward Jesus appeared in another form to two of them while they were walking in the country.
Luke 24: 13-23
Now that same day, two of them were going to a village called Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem. They were talking with each other about everything that had happened. As they talked and discussed these things with each other, Jesus Himself came up and walked along with them; but they were kept from recognizing Him. He asked them, “What are you discussing together as you walk along?” They stood still, their faces downcast. One of them, named Cleopas (Cp. John 19: 25), asked Him, “Are you only a visitor and do not know the things that have happened in these days?” “What things?” He asked. “About Jesus of Nazareth,” they replied. “He was a prophet, powerful in word and deed before God and all the people. The chief priests of our rulers handed Him over to be sentenced to death, and they crucified Him; but we had hoped that He was the one who was going to redeem Israel. And what is more, it is the third day since all this took place. In addition, some of our women amazed us. They went to the tomb early this morning but didn’t find His body. They came and told us they had seen a vision of angels, who said He was alive.
Luke 24: 10-11
When they came back from the tomb, they told all these things to the Eleven and to all the others. It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the others with them who told this to the apostles. But they did not believe the women, because their words seemed to them like nonsense.
Luke 24: 24
Then some of our companions went to the tomb and found it just as the women had said, but Him they did not see.”
Luke 24: 11
Peter, however, got up and ran to the tomb. Bending over, he saw the strips of linen lying by themselves, and he went away, wondering to himself what had happened.
John 20: 1-8
Early on the first day of the week while it was still dark, Mary Magdalene went to the tomb and saw that the stone had been removed from the entrance. So she came running to Simon Peter and the other disciple, the one Jesus loved, and said, “They have taken the LORD out of the tomb, and we don’t know where they have put Him!” So Peter and the other disciple started for the tomb. Both were running, but the other disciple outran Peter and reached the tomb first. He [the other/beloved disciple] bent over and looked in at the strips of linen lying there but did not go in. Then Simon Peter, who was behind him, arrived and went into the tomb, He saw the strips of linen lying there, as well as the burial cloth that had been around Jesus’ head. The cloth was folded up by itself, separate from the linen. Finally the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went inside.
Luke 24: 28-31
As they approached the village to which they were going, Jesus acted as if he were going farther. But they urged Him strongly, “Stay with us, for it is nearly evening: the day is almost over.” So He went in to stay with them. When He was at the table with them, He took bread, gave thanks, broke it and began to give it to them. Then their eyes were opened and they recognized Him, and He disappeared from their sight.
Luke 24: 33-35
They got up and returned at once to Jerusalem. There they found the Eleven and those with them, assembled together and saying, “It is true!” The LORD has arisen and appeared to Simon.” Then the two told what had happened on the way, and how Jesus was recognized by them when He broke the bread (Cp. Luke 22: 19).
Mark 16: 13-14
These returned and reported it to the rest; but they did not believe them either. Later Jesus appeared to the Eleven as they were eating; He rebuked them for their lack of faith and their stubborn refusal (hardness of heart) to believe those who had seen Him after His resurrection.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
February 24, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Saturday, February 9, 2013
Liturgy of the Eucharist
The celebration of the LORD’S Supper is the most solemn event in the Christian Church and holiest of sacraments, and yet do we pay attention the words spoken by a member of the clergy surrounding the communion table. This is besides the fact that is some denominations a loaf of bread is used which is not the unleavened bread (“matzo”) that is mentioned in the Old Testament during Passover, where we derive our observance. Anyway, when an individual presides over the table one is prone to quote 1 Corinthians 11: 23-24 where the Apostle Paul quotes Jesus as saying, “Take eat, this is My body, which is broken for you.” The thing is, though, the closest narrative to this is found in the gospel of Luke 22: 9, where Jesus says, “This is My body, which is given for you.”
Even Matthew and Mark don’t even go that far.The reason to bring attention to this little detail is that using the word “broken” gives a connotation that is inconsistent with the rest of scripture. It would seem more appropriate for the verse to use words like: given up /delivered up, ransomed, or even sacrificed for you. And while Jesus was certainly subjected to humiliation and torture, yet His body (or spirit for that matter) was not ‘broken’ in the usual sense of the word. The most important part is that which Paul transposes from Luke’s gospel, namely, “Do this in remembrance (or as a memorial) to Me.” How fortunate we are as believers that this most precious privilege and rite was left on the pages of inspiration by authors who weren’t even among Jesus’ disciples,but nevertheless passed it on for future generations to follow in this most blessed experience of partaking of the flesh and blood of the Son of Man (John 6: 51-54).
Exodus 34: 20
You shall not break (Heb. thish) any bone (Heb. estem) of it [the Passover lamb].
Psalms 34: 20
He keeps all his bones, not one of them is broken (Heb. nish’barah).
John 19: 36
These things happened so that the Scripture would be fulfilled; not one of his bones (Heb. estem) will be broken (Heb. thish).
Matthew 26: 26
While they were eating, Jesus took bread (Heb. lechem), and after blessing it, He broke (Heb. yiph’ros) and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take eat, this is My body.”
Mark 14: 22
While they were eating, Jesus took bread (Heb. lechem), and after blessing it, He broke (Heb. yiph’tsa) and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take eat, this is My body.”
Luke 22: 19
And when he had taken the bread (Heb. ha lechem) and given thanks, He broke (Heb. yib’tsa) and gave it to them (Heb. lahem), saying, “This is My body which [is given] for you; do this in remembrance
(Heb. zik’riy) of Me.
NOTE: There is no Hebrew translation for [is given] and doubtless was placed there to make more sense.
1 Corinthians 11: 23-24
For I have received of the LORD that which I deliver unto you, that the LORD Jesus, the same night in which He was betrayed, took bread; and when He had given thanks He broke (Heb. yib’tsa) it and said, “Take eat, this is My body which is broken for you; this do in remembrance (Heb. zik’riy) of Me.”
1 Corinthians 5: 7b
For even Christ, our Passover, is sacrificed (Heb. nizbach) for us.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
February 9, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Even Matthew and Mark don’t even go that far.The reason to bring attention to this little detail is that using the word “broken” gives a connotation that is inconsistent with the rest of scripture. It would seem more appropriate for the verse to use words like: given up /delivered up, ransomed, or even sacrificed for you. And while Jesus was certainly subjected to humiliation and torture, yet His body (or spirit for that matter) was not ‘broken’ in the usual sense of the word. The most important part is that which Paul transposes from Luke’s gospel, namely, “Do this in remembrance (or as a memorial) to Me.” How fortunate we are as believers that this most precious privilege and rite was left on the pages of inspiration by authors who weren’t even among Jesus’ disciples,but nevertheless passed it on for future generations to follow in this most blessed experience of partaking of the flesh and blood of the Son of Man (John 6: 51-54).
Exodus 34: 20
You shall not break (Heb. thish) any bone (Heb. estem) of it [the Passover lamb].
Psalms 34: 20
He keeps all his bones, not one of them is broken (Heb. nish’barah).
John 19: 36
These things happened so that the Scripture would be fulfilled; not one of his bones (Heb. estem) will be broken (Heb. thish).
Matthew 26: 26
While they were eating, Jesus took bread (Heb. lechem), and after blessing it, He broke (Heb. yiph’ros) and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take eat, this is My body.”
Mark 14: 22
While they were eating, Jesus took bread (Heb. lechem), and after blessing it, He broke (Heb. yiph’tsa) and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take eat, this is My body.”
Luke 22: 19
And when he had taken the bread (Heb. ha lechem) and given thanks, He broke (Heb. yib’tsa) and gave it to them (Heb. lahem), saying, “This is My body which [is given] for you; do this in remembrance
(Heb. zik’riy) of Me.
NOTE: There is no Hebrew translation for [is given] and doubtless was placed there to make more sense.
1 Corinthians 11: 23-24
For I have received of the LORD that which I deliver unto you, that the LORD Jesus, the same night in which He was betrayed, took bread; and when He had given thanks He broke (Heb. yib’tsa) it and said, “Take eat, this is My body which is broken for you; this do in remembrance (Heb. zik’riy) of Me.”
1 Corinthians 5: 7b
For even Christ, our Passover, is sacrificed (Heb. nizbach) for us.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
February 9, 2013
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Wednesday, July 25, 2012
Who are the family of Jesus mentioned in Mark’s gospel?
Genesis 7: 1a
The LORD said to Noah, “Go into the ark, you and your whole family.
Judges 24: 15
As for me and my household/family (Heb. u beythi), we will serve the LORD.
Mark 9: 33a
Then they came to Capernaum. While Jesus was at home.
Mark 3: 20-21a
Then Jesus went home (Heb. ha bay’tha). Another crowd gathered so that Jesus and His disciples could not even eat. When His own family (Heb. q’ro bayu) heard about this, they went to get Him.
Mark 3: 31a
Then His mother and brothers arrived. They stood outside and sent someone to ask Him to come out.
Mark 6: 1, 4
Jesus left that place and went to His hometown [“Nazareth”-Luke 4: 16]. Jesus said to them, “The only place a prophet is not honored is in his hometown, among his own relatives (Heb. q’ro bayu), and in his own household/family (Heb. q’ro beytho).
John 7: 5b
Even His brothers didn’t believe in Him.
DISCUSSION: Most, if not all Christians and people of faith throughout the world would consider it quite improbable that Jesus the Son of God and Jewish Messiah would have family responsibilities. Now, if He were a mortal, though an extraordinarily gifted one, it would not be too much of a stretch of the imagination that he would follow the social custom of His time and be married with children. At a first glance the third chapter of Mark’s gospel seems to strongly suggest what might at once though to be sacrilegious to many. However, upon close examination of the text and other references, one has to conclude that the family that is being described refers to Jesus’ relatives who arrive on the scene some ten verses later. As intriguing as it might be, one can only speculate how this would have worked out anyway. It all comes down to a translation of the word “family” and one of those words is ‘bayu’ which is the same Hebrew word for “relative.” So, another reading of Mark 3: 21a is: When His relatives heard bout it, they went to get Him. And His mother Mary and His brothers came to the rescue afterwards; or least they made the attempt to gain access to Him but could not.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 24, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Monday, July 23, 2012
Exactly what was the curse of Noah all about?
There is perhaps no greater misunderstanding of a text in the Bible than the one pertaining to Noah cursing his son Ham, or rather one of his sons by the name of Canaan. This is the first appearance of the word “slave” or bondservant in Scripture and consequently, the interpretation has lead to justification of a practice of servitude where a person and their family can be bought and sold or traded for, as a piece of property. Unfortunately, people of color and especially Black people whose ancestors were from the Continent of Africa, especially African- Americans in the United States, have been the most significantly affected. The thing is, though, upon closer examination of the passage in Genesis 9 as well as Genesis 10, this “curse” does not fall upon the shoulders of the so-called Negro or Black race, as such.
The sons of Ham usually associated with being Black or African are Cush and Mizraim. However, Cush the son of Ham is the father of Nimrod and Babylon [Iraq], not to mention, Assyria. Mizraim the son of Ham is another name for Egypt and an ancestor of the Philistines who probably lived in Crete (Caphtor) from antiquity. Put is another son of Ham who is the ancestor of the people from Libya and the city of Cyrene. Canaan the son of Ham is more about a territory as well as the people who occupied this area. The land stretched between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River reaching from the brook of Egypt to the area around Ugarit in Syria, or to the Euphrates River. HOLMAN Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Holman Publishers, 2003. Now, let’s reread the Biblical narrative as below:
Genesis 9: 20-27
Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard. When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside. But Shem and Japheth took a garment and laid it across their shoulders; then they walked in backward and covered their father’s nakedness. When Noah awoke from his wine and found out what his youngest son had done to him, he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves is he to his brothers.” He also said, “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem! May Canaan be his slave. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem, and may Canaan be his slave.”
Genesis 10: 8
The sons of Ham: Cush, Mzraim, Put and Canaan.
Genesis 10: 15-19
Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites, Jebusites, Amonites, Girgashites, Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, Arvadites, Zemarites, and Hamathites. Later the Canaanite clans scattered and the borders of Canaan reached from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and then toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
NOTE: The Canaanite descendants who lived in such places as Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim the LORD completely wiped them out in His fierce wrath (Deuteronomy 29: 23).
Genesis 15: 18-21
At that time the LORD made a promise to Abram. He said, “I will give this land to your descendants. It is the land of Egypt from the river of Egypt [Nile] to the great river, the Euphrates. It is the land of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.”
Deuteronomy 7: 1
The LORD your God will bring you to the land you’re about to enter and take possession of. He will force many nations out of your way: the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites-seven nations larger and more powerful than you.
Joshua 3: 10
Joshua continued, “This is how you will know that the living God is among you and that He will certainly force the Canaanites, Hittites, Hivites, Perizzites, Girgashites, Amorites, and Jebusites out of your way.”
Judges 1: 21
The men of Benjamin did not force out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem. The Jebusites still live with the tribe of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
Judges 1: 29
The tribe of Ephraim did not force out those who lived at Kitron or Nahalol. So the Canaanites continued to live with them in Gezer.
CONCLUSION: According to this narrative the tribes consisting of Manasseh, Zebulun, Naphtali, Asher and Dan were not able to drive the people out of their lands and territory. Those indigenous descendants of Ham through his son Canaan, namely the Canaanites and Amorites were forced to be slaves (Judges 1: 27-35) in this instance, fulfilling to an extent the words of Noah in Genesis 9. It is interesting to read in Acts 13: 19 that God destroyed seven nations in Canaan and gave it to the Israelites as an inheritance, when it says in the following Old testament book of Joshua:
Judges 3: 1-3, 5
These are the nations the LORD left behind to test all the Israelites who had not experienced any war in Canaan. The LORD left them to teach Israel’s descendants about war, at least those who had not known anything about it in the past. He left the five rulers of the Philistines (Joshua 13: 3-Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, Ekron), all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon from Mount Baal Hermon to the border of Hamath. So the people of Israel lived among the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. The Israelites allowed their sons and daughters to marry these people. Israel also served their gods.
1 Kings 9: 20-22
The Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites had been left in the land because the Israelites had not been able to claim them for God by destroying them. They were not Israelites, but they had descendants who were still in the land. Solomon drafted them for slave labor (they are still slaves until this day).
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 21, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
The sons of Ham usually associated with being Black or African are Cush and Mizraim. However, Cush the son of Ham is the father of Nimrod and Babylon [Iraq], not to mention, Assyria. Mizraim the son of Ham is another name for Egypt and an ancestor of the Philistines who probably lived in Crete (Caphtor) from antiquity. Put is another son of Ham who is the ancestor of the people from Libya and the city of Cyrene. Canaan the son of Ham is more about a territory as well as the people who occupied this area. The land stretched between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River reaching from the brook of Egypt to the area around Ugarit in Syria, or to the Euphrates River. HOLMAN Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Holman Publishers, 2003. Now, let’s reread the Biblical narrative as below:
Genesis 9: 20-27
Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard. When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside. But Shem and Japheth took a garment and laid it across their shoulders; then they walked in backward and covered their father’s nakedness. When Noah awoke from his wine and found out what his youngest son had done to him, he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves is he to his brothers.” He also said, “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem! May Canaan be his slave. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem, and may Canaan be his slave.”
Genesis 10: 8
The sons of Ham: Cush, Mzraim, Put and Canaan.
Genesis 10: 15-19
Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites, Jebusites, Amonites, Girgashites, Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, Arvadites, Zemarites, and Hamathites. Later the Canaanite clans scattered and the borders of Canaan reached from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and then toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
NOTE: The Canaanite descendants who lived in such places as Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim the LORD completely wiped them out in His fierce wrath (Deuteronomy 29: 23).
Genesis 15: 18-21
At that time the LORD made a promise to Abram. He said, “I will give this land to your descendants. It is the land of Egypt from the river of Egypt [Nile] to the great river, the Euphrates. It is the land of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.”
Deuteronomy 7: 1
The LORD your God will bring you to the land you’re about to enter and take possession of. He will force many nations out of your way: the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites-seven nations larger and more powerful than you.
Joshua 3: 10
Joshua continued, “This is how you will know that the living God is among you and that He will certainly force the Canaanites, Hittites, Hivites, Perizzites, Girgashites, Amorites, and Jebusites out of your way.”
Judges 1: 21
The men of Benjamin did not force out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem. The Jebusites still live with the tribe of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day.
Judges 1: 29
The tribe of Ephraim did not force out those who lived at Kitron or Nahalol. So the Canaanites continued to live with them in Gezer.
CONCLUSION: According to this narrative the tribes consisting of Manasseh, Zebulun, Naphtali, Asher and Dan were not able to drive the people out of their lands and territory. Those indigenous descendants of Ham through his son Canaan, namely the Canaanites and Amorites were forced to be slaves (Judges 1: 27-35) in this instance, fulfilling to an extent the words of Noah in Genesis 9. It is interesting to read in Acts 13: 19 that God destroyed seven nations in Canaan and gave it to the Israelites as an inheritance, when it says in the following Old testament book of Joshua:
Judges 3: 1-3, 5
These are the nations the LORD left behind to test all the Israelites who had not experienced any war in Canaan. The LORD left them to teach Israel’s descendants about war, at least those who had not known anything about it in the past. He left the five rulers of the Philistines (Joshua 13: 3-Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, Ekron), all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon from Mount Baal Hermon to the border of Hamath. So the people of Israel lived among the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. The Israelites allowed their sons and daughters to marry these people. Israel also served their gods.
1 Kings 9: 20-22
The Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites had been left in the land because the Israelites had not been able to claim them for God by destroying them. They were not Israelites, but they had descendants who were still in the land. Solomon drafted them for slave labor (they are still slaves until this day).
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 21, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Friday, July 20, 2012
Homosexuality in the Old and New Testament
Leviticus 18: 20a
You shall not lie (Heb. sh’k’bey) with a male as one lies with a female.
Leviticus 20: 13a
As for a man who lies (Heb. yishkbay) with a male as those who lie
(Heb. mishkbey) with a woman. Both of them have committed a detestable act (abomination).
NOTE: The words for lie/lay carnally are from the primitive root words, shakab (#7901) and shekobeth (#7903) in Strong’s Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary. The primary meaning in both instances relate to having sexual relations. And the Hebrew word “ish” translates as man.
Genesis 19: 5
And they called to Lot and said to him, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us that we may lay/lie (Heb. ned’ ‘ah) with them.”
Judges 19: 22b
And they spoke to the old man, the owner of the house, saying, “Bring out the man who came into your house that we may know (Heb. ned‘a) him.
Genesis 19: 8a
“Now behold, I have two daughters who [are virgins] have not had sexual/carnal relations (Heb. yad’ ‘u) with a man.
Judges 19: 25
But the men were not willing to listen to him. So the man took hold of his concubine and brought her out to them; and they knew (Heb. yed’ ‘u) her, and abused her all night until morning, then they sent her away when the dawn rose.
WORD VOCABULARY:
Leviticus 20: 7
Holy (Heb. Qdoshim)
Deuteronomy 23: 17
Sodomite (Heb. Qadesh)
1 Kings 14: 24
Sodomites (Heb. Qadesh)
1 Kings 15: 12
The Sodomites (Heb. ha Q’deshim)
1 Kings 22: 46
The Sodomites (Heb. ha Qadesh)
*2 Kings 23: 7a*
He tore down the houses of the male temple prostitutes (Heb. ha Q’deshim) who were in the LORD’S temple.
1 Corinthians 6: 9
Effeminate (Heb. haq’deshiym); abusers (Heb. shok’biym); mankind (Heb. zakar)
NOTE: The word used for “effeminate” is the same Old Testament word for temple prostitute (Heb. Qdeshiym) in 2 Kings 23: 7.
1Timothy 1: 10
Immoral [spec. “sexual sins”] (Heb. zoniym); homosexuals [males] (Heb. shok’biym zakar).
DISCUSSION: Reference- http://www.bayithamashiyach.com/scriptures.html
The Hebrew word “Qadesh” (pl. Q’deshim) translated as sodomite, also means male temple prostitute. Interestingly, this word is similar to “Qodesh/Qadash” (pl. ‘Qdoshim’) which means holy. It would seem from these references that the use of different Hebrew root words such as ishkbay, yad’ ‘u/yeh’ ‘u, ned’a, qadesh, shak’biym-shek’biym-shok’biym, or some derivative has the main connotation of a sexual encounter between males, mostly, and usually associated with pagan religious customs that is explicitly revealed in the respective narratives. In Genesis 4 and Judges 19, these accounts are about brutality, rape, degradation, sexual abuse, humiliation, and violence. To be sure, nowhere in the entire Bible is equivalent Hebrew roots for modern terms such as homosexual, faggot or the acronym GLBTQ (Gay-Lesbian-Bisexual-Transgender-Queer). The Scriptures are not so much concerned about labels as it is regarding conduct and personal responsibility. However, it is interesting to note that in 1 Timothy 1: 9 are the folowing words and their roots: "unholy" (t'me'iym; "profane" (n'baliym); "lawless" ((hapsh'iym); and "rebellious" (hamor'diym)
There are two main considerations in this matter that cannot be understated, namely, the theological and physiological. Either the standard translation is in error, the interpretation, or both; hence, any hermeneutical techniques will be of little value. On the other side of this issue is the assumption that people engaged in same-sex relations have a “choice” and it is something that can be ‘cured’ if one accepts some form of radically invasive psychotherapy, including exorcism, or merely just come to Jesus and He will deliver you from this way of life. The Christian Church has to take a firm and definitive stand on this matter and send a clear message of its position which allows it to be inclusive, compassionate, loving, supportive and welcoming to any and all who come among us instead of being hostile, judgmental, uncomfortable and condemning. At the same time we should not be apologizing for God nor compromising His word for the sake of political correctness. A closing thought has to do with the friendship between David and Jonathan, son of King Saul, as in the following:
1 Samuel 1: 26
I am heartbroken over you, my brother Jonathan. You were my great delight. Your love was more wonderful to me than the love of women.
‘Continued-
No one in their right mind would even think for a moment that David and Jonathan had some kind of same-sex encounter, although they shared a very strong bond of affection that was probably quite remarkable.
Leviticus 18: 1-3, 24; 20: 23
Then the LORD (YHVH) spoke to Moses, saying, “Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, ‘I am YHVH your God (El). You shall not do according to the doings of the land of Egypt in which you lived; and you shall not do according to the doings of the land of Canaan where I am bringing you there; and you shall not walk in their statutes.’ ” “Do not defile yourself with any of these things; for by all these the nations which I am casting out before you have become defiled.” “Moreover, you shall not follow the customs of the nation which I shall drive out before you, for they did all these things, and therefore I have abhorred them.”
CLOSING THOUGHT:
No one really knows for sure why someone is attracted to someone of the same sex or chooses to be a drag queen, bisexual, etc. Despite all the theology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, sexology, anatomy and biology, people are what they are. Perhaps more of us should listen to the words in Lady Gaga’s hit song, “Born This Way” because quite frankly, none of us have a clue to what the real deal is, anyway. Besides, according to Sex and Gender Sociology, roughly 1-2% of all births in the United States are sexually indeterminate. What this means in layman’s terms is that three to six million people are born with gender misidentification-they are in the wrong body. All we do is look at them and frown up our faces; we say or think something offensive, or avoid any sort of physical contact or go out of our way not to be in too close proximity as though contagious, without ever trying to imagine what it must be like to be hated or shunned in that way.
In far too many instances believers preach one thing but practice the opposite and forget that our LORD Jesus was routinely criticized by the traditional established church of His time of being in the company of and a friend to those marginalized persons whom society has rejected and called ‘sinners.’ Sometimes we forget the spirit of the Law, which is all about love and forgiveness and since there really isn’t one Scripture in the entire Bible that directly forbids or condemns as inherently sinful a loving, monogamous relationship between two same-sex life partners as far as translation is concerned, although some words may be interpreted this way. Now, as a final thought, consider the following:
Romans 4: 15a
For where there is no law there is no transgression.
1 John 3: 4
Whoever commits sin transgresses the law. For sin is a transgression of the law.
ADDENDUM:
Jesus said, “For some are eunuchs because they were born that way (Cp. Matthew 19: 12a).” Doesn’t that statement sound somewhat familiar? A “eunuch” is a man who is born without his external male genitalia and usually served in a sultan’s harem or in some royal service (Cp. 2 Kings 20: 18; Jeremiah 38: 7; Daniel 1: 3; Acts 8: 27). The critically important point here is not the occupation but the orientation. This is probably the only passage in the entire Bible which can perhaps be used to explain that a person can have their sexual orientation or gender identity determined at birth. If someone were missing the sexual organs appropriate to their biological appearance or had them surgically altered or removed at birth, this would affect their psycho-social development. Even the underproduction or overproduction of sex hormones can affect the physical features as well as behavior of a person.
What the apostle Paul writes about in Romans 1: 18-27, at least the parts that make sense are found in verses 26b-27, where he affirms the “natural” state of attraction between a man and a woman; this much is true. However, because of the particular circumstances in which some of us are born into as an act of ‘nature’ and beyond our control, some people are destined to be attracted to others of the same biology or act in other ways that are outside the way that one would if their births had been different. If a pregnant female was a drug user and gave birth to a crack baby or one addicted to heroin from the womb, should that person be blamed or condemned if they grew up with substance abuse issues? The problem with the whole conversation about this subject is placing a label on someone and leaving it up to others to attach meaning to it. To reiterate: “unnatural” in this context does not mean something disgusting, deplorable, and profane or that God hates and rejects, but rather, that which is “different” but in no way is it less in terms quality or value than that which is its other side.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 16, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
You shall not lie (Heb. sh’k’bey) with a male as one lies with a female.
Leviticus 20: 13a
As for a man who lies (Heb. yishkbay) with a male as those who lie
(Heb. mishkbey) with a woman. Both of them have committed a detestable act (abomination).
NOTE: The words for lie/lay carnally are from the primitive root words, shakab (#7901) and shekobeth (#7903) in Strong’s Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary. The primary meaning in both instances relate to having sexual relations. And the Hebrew word “ish” translates as man.
Genesis 19: 5
And they called to Lot and said to him, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us that we may lay/lie (Heb. ned’ ‘ah) with them.”
Judges 19: 22b
And they spoke to the old man, the owner of the house, saying, “Bring out the man who came into your house that we may know (Heb. ned‘a) him.
Genesis 19: 8a
“Now behold, I have two daughters who [are virgins] have not had sexual/carnal relations (Heb. yad’ ‘u) with a man.
Judges 19: 25
But the men were not willing to listen to him. So the man took hold of his concubine and brought her out to them; and they knew (Heb. yed’ ‘u) her, and abused her all night until morning, then they sent her away when the dawn rose.
WORD VOCABULARY:
Leviticus 20: 7
Holy (Heb. Qdoshim)
Deuteronomy 23: 17
Sodomite (Heb. Qadesh)
1 Kings 14: 24
Sodomites (Heb. Qadesh)
1 Kings 15: 12
The Sodomites (Heb. ha Q’deshim)
1 Kings 22: 46
The Sodomites (Heb. ha Qadesh)
*2 Kings 23: 7a*
He tore down the houses of the male temple prostitutes (Heb. ha Q’deshim) who were in the LORD’S temple.
1 Corinthians 6: 9
Effeminate (Heb. haq’deshiym); abusers (Heb. shok’biym); mankind (Heb. zakar)
NOTE: The word used for “effeminate” is the same Old Testament word for temple prostitute (Heb. Qdeshiym) in 2 Kings 23: 7.
1Timothy 1: 10
Immoral [spec. “sexual sins”] (Heb. zoniym); homosexuals [males] (Heb. shok’biym zakar).
DISCUSSION: Reference- http://www.bayithamashiyach.com/scriptures.html
The Hebrew word “Qadesh” (pl. Q’deshim) translated as sodomite, also means male temple prostitute. Interestingly, this word is similar to “Qodesh/Qadash” (pl. ‘Qdoshim’) which means holy. It would seem from these references that the use of different Hebrew root words such as ishkbay, yad’ ‘u/yeh’ ‘u, ned’a, qadesh, shak’biym-shek’biym-shok’biym, or some derivative has the main connotation of a sexual encounter between males, mostly, and usually associated with pagan religious customs that is explicitly revealed in the respective narratives. In Genesis 4 and Judges 19, these accounts are about brutality, rape, degradation, sexual abuse, humiliation, and violence. To be sure, nowhere in the entire Bible is equivalent Hebrew roots for modern terms such as homosexual, faggot or the acronym GLBTQ (Gay-Lesbian-Bisexual-Transgender-Queer). The Scriptures are not so much concerned about labels as it is regarding conduct and personal responsibility. However, it is interesting to note that in 1 Timothy 1: 9 are the folowing words and their roots: "unholy" (t'me'iym; "profane" (n'baliym); "lawless" ((hapsh'iym); and "rebellious" (hamor'diym)
There are two main considerations in this matter that cannot be understated, namely, the theological and physiological. Either the standard translation is in error, the interpretation, or both; hence, any hermeneutical techniques will be of little value. On the other side of this issue is the assumption that people engaged in same-sex relations have a “choice” and it is something that can be ‘cured’ if one accepts some form of radically invasive psychotherapy, including exorcism, or merely just come to Jesus and He will deliver you from this way of life. The Christian Church has to take a firm and definitive stand on this matter and send a clear message of its position which allows it to be inclusive, compassionate, loving, supportive and welcoming to any and all who come among us instead of being hostile, judgmental, uncomfortable and condemning. At the same time we should not be apologizing for God nor compromising His word for the sake of political correctness. A closing thought has to do with the friendship between David and Jonathan, son of King Saul, as in the following:
1 Samuel 1: 26
I am heartbroken over you, my brother Jonathan. You were my great delight. Your love was more wonderful to me than the love of women.
‘Continued-
No one in their right mind would even think for a moment that David and Jonathan had some kind of same-sex encounter, although they shared a very strong bond of affection that was probably quite remarkable.
Leviticus 18: 1-3, 24; 20: 23
Then the LORD (YHVH) spoke to Moses, saying, “Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, ‘I am YHVH your God (El). You shall not do according to the doings of the land of Egypt in which you lived; and you shall not do according to the doings of the land of Canaan where I am bringing you there; and you shall not walk in their statutes.’ ” “Do not defile yourself with any of these things; for by all these the nations which I am casting out before you have become defiled.” “Moreover, you shall not follow the customs of the nation which I shall drive out before you, for they did all these things, and therefore I have abhorred them.”
CLOSING THOUGHT:
No one really knows for sure why someone is attracted to someone of the same sex or chooses to be a drag queen, bisexual, etc. Despite all the theology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, sexology, anatomy and biology, people are what they are. Perhaps more of us should listen to the words in Lady Gaga’s hit song, “Born This Way” because quite frankly, none of us have a clue to what the real deal is, anyway. Besides, according to Sex and Gender Sociology, roughly 1-2% of all births in the United States are sexually indeterminate. What this means in layman’s terms is that three to six million people are born with gender misidentification-they are in the wrong body. All we do is look at them and frown up our faces; we say or think something offensive, or avoid any sort of physical contact or go out of our way not to be in too close proximity as though contagious, without ever trying to imagine what it must be like to be hated or shunned in that way.
In far too many instances believers preach one thing but practice the opposite and forget that our LORD Jesus was routinely criticized by the traditional established church of His time of being in the company of and a friend to those marginalized persons whom society has rejected and called ‘sinners.’ Sometimes we forget the spirit of the Law, which is all about love and forgiveness and since there really isn’t one Scripture in the entire Bible that directly forbids or condemns as inherently sinful a loving, monogamous relationship between two same-sex life partners as far as translation is concerned, although some words may be interpreted this way. Now, as a final thought, consider the following:
Romans 4: 15a
For where there is no law there is no transgression.
1 John 3: 4
Whoever commits sin transgresses the law. For sin is a transgression of the law.
ADDENDUM:
Jesus said, “For some are eunuchs because they were born that way (Cp. Matthew 19: 12a).” Doesn’t that statement sound somewhat familiar? A “eunuch” is a man who is born without his external male genitalia and usually served in a sultan’s harem or in some royal service (Cp. 2 Kings 20: 18; Jeremiah 38: 7; Daniel 1: 3; Acts 8: 27). The critically important point here is not the occupation but the orientation. This is probably the only passage in the entire Bible which can perhaps be used to explain that a person can have their sexual orientation or gender identity determined at birth. If someone were missing the sexual organs appropriate to their biological appearance or had them surgically altered or removed at birth, this would affect their psycho-social development. Even the underproduction or overproduction of sex hormones can affect the physical features as well as behavior of a person.
What the apostle Paul writes about in Romans 1: 18-27, at least the parts that make sense are found in verses 26b-27, where he affirms the “natural” state of attraction between a man and a woman; this much is true. However, because of the particular circumstances in which some of us are born into as an act of ‘nature’ and beyond our control, some people are destined to be attracted to others of the same biology or act in other ways that are outside the way that one would if their births had been different. If a pregnant female was a drug user and gave birth to a crack baby or one addicted to heroin from the womb, should that person be blamed or condemned if they grew up with substance abuse issues? The problem with the whole conversation about this subject is placing a label on someone and leaving it up to others to attach meaning to it. To reiterate: “unnatural” in this context does not mean something disgusting, deplorable, and profane or that God hates and rejects, but rather, that which is “different” but in no way is it less in terms quality or value than that which is its other side.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 16, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Monday, July 9, 2012
Tracing the genealogy of Abraham and Israelites Part 2
SHEM
(Ancestor of all the sons of Eber)
Elam-Asshur-ARPACHSHAD-Lud-Aram
ARAM- Uz-Hul-Gether-Mash (Genesis 10: 23)
ARPACHSHAD- Shelah
SHELAH-*Eber*
EBER- PELEG-Joktan
JOKTAN- Almodad-Sheleph-Hazarmaveth-Jerah Hadoram-Uzal-Diklah-Obal-Abimael-
Sheba-Ophir-Havilah-Jobab (Genesis 10: 26-28)
PELEG- Reu
REU- Serug
SERUG- Nahor
NAHOR- Terah
TERAH- Abram-Nahor-Haran (died in Haran)
HARAN- Lot, Milcah-Iscah
LOT- Moabites, Ammonites
ABRAM- Ishmael (Sarai’s Egyptian slave Hagar- Genesis 16: 1-4).
ABRAM- Isaac (Sarai)
ISHMAEL- Nebaioth-Kedar-Adbeel-Mibsam-Mishma-Dumah-Massa-Hadad-Tema-Jetur-
Naphish-Kedemah (Genesis 25: 12-16)
ABRAHAM- Zimran-Jokshan-Meda-Midian-Ishbak-Shuah (Abraham’s second wife,
Keturah-Genesis 25: 1-6).
JOKSHAN- SHEBA-Dedan (Genesis 25: 3)
DEDAN- Assyrians-Letushites-Leummites
MIDIAN- Ephah-Epher-Hanoch-Abida-Eldaah
ISAAC- Jacob-Esau
ESAU- Eliphaz-Reuel-Jeush-Jalam-Korah
NOTE: Esau married Judith, daughter of Beeri the Hittite and Basemath, daughter of Elon the Hittite. No listing of their offspring is recorded in Genesis. 1 Chronicles mentions Esau’s sons but not who their mothers were (1 Chronicles 1: 35). Esau is called the father of the Edomites (Genesis 36: 43b).
ELIPHAZ- Teman and Omar-Zephi and Gatam, Kenaz and Amalek (son of “Timna”)
NOTE: Timna was a female tribal leader of the Edomites (1 Chronicles 1: 52). She is also identified as Lotan’s sister and from the Horites who were the people living in Edom at that time (Genesis 36: 20-21). Interestingly, the tribal leaders in Edom are listed differently (Cp. Genesis 36: 20 and 1 Chronicles 1: 51b-54).
REUEL- Nahath-Zerah-Shammah-Mizzah
NAHOR- Uz-Buz-Kemuel (father of Aram)- Kesed- Hazo-Pildash-Jidlaph-Bethuel
NAHOR- Tebah-Gaham-Tahash-Maacah (through concubine Reumah-Genesis 22: 24)
BETHUEL- Laban-Rebekah (Genesis 24: 29; 29: 5)
HARAN- Lot-Milcah-Iscah (Genesis 11: 27-29)
ABRAHAM- Zimran-Jokshan-Medan-MIDIAN-Ishbak-Shuah (sons from Abraham’s second wife Keturah-Genesis 25: 1-4).
NOTE: According to 1 Chronicles 1: 32, Keturah was Abraham’s concubine. However, in Genesis 25: 1-6, she was his wife but Abraham had concubines, and unnamed sons from them, whom he gave gifts to all and sent them away from his son Isaac.
Genesis 10: 30
The region where they lived extended from Mesha toward Sephar in the eastern mountains.
NOTE: Mesha is taken from “Mash” youngest son of Aram, original ancestor of the Syrian tribal group, possibly from Mount Masius (Tur Abdin) in Northern Mesopotamia or the Mashu mountains of the Gilgamesh epic; also possibly the Lebanon or Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Mesha or ‘Masha’ is thought to be located between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Persian Gulf. Sephar is most likely in Saudi Arabia, perhaps the coastal town of Tsaphar in Oman or Itsphar, south of Hadramaut. This territory is associated with the Joktanites. Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 2003, Holman Bible Publishers.
Genesis 25: 20
Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Padan Aram and sister of Laban the Aramean.
Genesis 28: 1-2, 10
Isaac called for Jacob and blessed him. Then he commanded him, “You are not to marry any of the Canaanite women. Quick! Go to Padan Aram. Go to the home of Bethuel, your mother’s father, and get yourself a wife from there from the daughters of your uncle Laban.” Jacob left Beersheba and traveled toward Haran.
Genesis 29: 1, 4
Jacob continued on his trip and came to the land of the east. Jacob asked some people, “My friends, where are you from?” “We’re from Haran,” they replied.
Deuteronomy 26: 5a
You will make this formal statement in the presence of the LORD your God: “My ancestors were wandering Arameans.”
NOTE: Padan Aram has the possible meaning of “Place, way or plow of Syria” and one of the principal cities of this region or territory was Haran. Although originally, Abraham was born in Ur of the Chaldeans, an ancient city in lower Mesopotamia. The site of this place has been located in present-day Iraq, in the lower eastern portion of the Fertile Crescent (350km/220 miles east of Baghdad). Haran was Abraham’s hometown where he lived until God told him to leave there at age 75 (Genesis 11: 31-32; 12: 4). Chaldea was situated in central and southeastern Mesopotamia, the land between the lower stretches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Today, Chaldea is located in the country of Iraq, very close to its border with Iran, touching upon the head of the Persian Gulf. In OT times different peoples occupied southeastern Mesopotamia at various times, an one such group was the Chaldeans. The term “Chaldeans” is derived from the root ‘Kaldai’ which refers to several Aramean tribes who moved into the region between 1000 and 900 BC. Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 2003, Holman Bible Publishers
COMMENTARY: The history of Abraham and other Semitic tribes is a lot more complicated than it might appear at a first glance. Considering all the tensions and religious as well as political unrest in the Middle East, it is strange that most, if not all the countries bordering Israel on either side are distant cousins through the descendants of Shem; and most importantly, through the patriarch Abraham. Abram marries his half-sister Sarai (Genesis11: 29-30; 21: 1-2) and his brother Nahor marries his and Abram’s brother Haran’s daughter, Milcah (Genesis11: 29). When Terah (Abram’s father) leaves Haran he takes his grandson Lot, Abram and Sarai, but none of the other family, such as, Nahor and his wife Milcah, or Haran’sother daughter, Iscah. In the entire genealogy from Shem onward, after the main patriarchal father begets certain ancestors it says that he beget “other sons and daughters” but when it arrives to Terah, the trend stops there. When a statement is included in parenthesis, this is additional information that the editor, narrator or redactor chose to insert that is not part of the original oral history; like: Shem (ancestor of all the sons of Eber). What was so special about Eber? If anything, Peleg (Eber’s son) should have been mentioned because Abraham’s descendants come directly through his lineage.
The Queen of Sheba who came to hear the wisdom of Solomon (1 Kings 10: 1) could be a descendant from Joktan, a son of Eber and brother of Peleg (Genesis 10: 26-28), or from Jokshan (Genesis 25: 3), a son of Abraham through his second wife [concubine??] Keturah. Aram, a son of Shem is the progenitor of the Arameans (Genesis 10: 23), but Kemuel (father of Aram), who is a son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother might also be the ancestor of the Arameans (Genesis 22: 20-21); at least this is what the editor/redactor implies. The Amalekites are descended from Amalek (son of Timna) and Elphaz, son of Esau (1 Chronicles 1: 35). Timna was also an Edomite tribal chief as well as a Horite living in Edom (1 Chronicles 1: 52; Genesis 36: 20-21). The Midianites are descendants of Abraham through Keturah, as well as the Assyrians, the genetic stock of Dedan, Abraham’s grandson through Keturah, also (Genesis 25: 1-6). One more thing about the Assyrians which is quite ironic: These same people who are related to the Israelites are the very ones who took them into captivity in resettled them in Halah, along the Habor River in Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes [Iraq]. In the capitol of Samaria were relocated the people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim who settled there since that time (2 Kings 15: 29; 17: 24; 18: 9-12). This explains the animosity between Jews and Samaritans during Jesus’ earthly ministry (Matthew 10: 5; John 4: 7-9; 8: 48). Lastly, the Arabs trace their lineage through Ishmael, who was the son of Sarah’s Egyptian handmaiden Hagar, but Hagar also found a wife for her son from Egypt (Genesis 21: 8-9, 17-21). This means that the Arabs are part African or Hamitic [Black] ancestry.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 1, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
(Ancestor of all the sons of Eber)
Elam-Asshur-ARPACHSHAD-Lud-Aram
ARAM- Uz-Hul-Gether-Mash (Genesis 10: 23)
ARPACHSHAD- Shelah
SHELAH-*Eber*
EBER- PELEG-Joktan
JOKTAN- Almodad-Sheleph-Hazarmaveth-Jerah Hadoram-Uzal-Diklah-Obal-Abimael-
Sheba-Ophir-Havilah-Jobab (Genesis 10: 26-28)
PELEG- Reu
REU- Serug
SERUG- Nahor
NAHOR- Terah
TERAH- Abram-Nahor-Haran (died in Haran)
HARAN- Lot, Milcah-Iscah
LOT- Moabites, Ammonites
ABRAM- Ishmael (Sarai’s Egyptian slave Hagar- Genesis 16: 1-4).
ABRAM- Isaac (Sarai)
ISHMAEL- Nebaioth-Kedar-Adbeel-Mibsam-Mishma-Dumah-Massa-Hadad-Tema-Jetur-
Naphish-Kedemah (Genesis 25: 12-16)
ABRAHAM- Zimran-Jokshan-Meda-Midian-Ishbak-Shuah (Abraham’s second wife,
Keturah-Genesis 25: 1-6).
JOKSHAN- SHEBA-Dedan (Genesis 25: 3)
DEDAN- Assyrians-Letushites-Leummites
MIDIAN- Ephah-Epher-Hanoch-Abida-Eldaah
ISAAC- Jacob-Esau
ESAU- Eliphaz-Reuel-Jeush-Jalam-Korah
NOTE: Esau married Judith, daughter of Beeri the Hittite and Basemath, daughter of Elon the Hittite. No listing of their offspring is recorded in Genesis. 1 Chronicles mentions Esau’s sons but not who their mothers were (1 Chronicles 1: 35). Esau is called the father of the Edomites (Genesis 36: 43b).
ELIPHAZ- Teman and Omar-Zephi and Gatam, Kenaz and Amalek (son of “Timna”)
NOTE: Timna was a female tribal leader of the Edomites (1 Chronicles 1: 52). She is also identified as Lotan’s sister and from the Horites who were the people living in Edom at that time (Genesis 36: 20-21). Interestingly, the tribal leaders in Edom are listed differently (Cp. Genesis 36: 20 and 1 Chronicles 1: 51b-54).
REUEL- Nahath-Zerah-Shammah-Mizzah
NAHOR- Uz-Buz-Kemuel (father of Aram)- Kesed- Hazo-Pildash-Jidlaph-Bethuel
NAHOR- Tebah-Gaham-Tahash-Maacah (through concubine Reumah-Genesis 22: 24)
BETHUEL- Laban-Rebekah (Genesis 24: 29; 29: 5)
HARAN- Lot-Milcah-Iscah (Genesis 11: 27-29)
ABRAHAM- Zimran-Jokshan-Medan-MIDIAN-Ishbak-Shuah (sons from Abraham’s second wife Keturah-Genesis 25: 1-4).
NOTE: According to 1 Chronicles 1: 32, Keturah was Abraham’s concubine. However, in Genesis 25: 1-6, she was his wife but Abraham had concubines, and unnamed sons from them, whom he gave gifts to all and sent them away from his son Isaac.
Genesis 10: 30
The region where they lived extended from Mesha toward Sephar in the eastern mountains.
NOTE: Mesha is taken from “Mash” youngest son of Aram, original ancestor of the Syrian tribal group, possibly from Mount Masius (Tur Abdin) in Northern Mesopotamia or the Mashu mountains of the Gilgamesh epic; also possibly the Lebanon or Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Mesha or ‘Masha’ is thought to be located between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Persian Gulf. Sephar is most likely in Saudi Arabia, perhaps the coastal town of Tsaphar in Oman or Itsphar, south of Hadramaut. This territory is associated with the Joktanites. Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 2003, Holman Bible Publishers.
Genesis 25: 20
Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Padan Aram and sister of Laban the Aramean.
Genesis 28: 1-2, 10
Isaac called for Jacob and blessed him. Then he commanded him, “You are not to marry any of the Canaanite women. Quick! Go to Padan Aram. Go to the home of Bethuel, your mother’s father, and get yourself a wife from there from the daughters of your uncle Laban.” Jacob left Beersheba and traveled toward Haran.
Genesis 29: 1, 4
Jacob continued on his trip and came to the land of the east. Jacob asked some people, “My friends, where are you from?” “We’re from Haran,” they replied.
Deuteronomy 26: 5a
You will make this formal statement in the presence of the LORD your God: “My ancestors were wandering Arameans.”
NOTE: Padan Aram has the possible meaning of “Place, way or plow of Syria” and one of the principal cities of this region or territory was Haran. Although originally, Abraham was born in Ur of the Chaldeans, an ancient city in lower Mesopotamia. The site of this place has been located in present-day Iraq, in the lower eastern portion of the Fertile Crescent (350km/220 miles east of Baghdad). Haran was Abraham’s hometown where he lived until God told him to leave there at age 75 (Genesis 11: 31-32; 12: 4). Chaldea was situated in central and southeastern Mesopotamia, the land between the lower stretches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Today, Chaldea is located in the country of Iraq, very close to its border with Iran, touching upon the head of the Persian Gulf. In OT times different peoples occupied southeastern Mesopotamia at various times, an one such group was the Chaldeans. The term “Chaldeans” is derived from the root ‘Kaldai’ which refers to several Aramean tribes who moved into the region between 1000 and 900 BC. Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 2003, Holman Bible Publishers
COMMENTARY: The history of Abraham and other Semitic tribes is a lot more complicated than it might appear at a first glance. Considering all the tensions and religious as well as political unrest in the Middle East, it is strange that most, if not all the countries bordering Israel on either side are distant cousins through the descendants of Shem; and most importantly, through the patriarch Abraham. Abram marries his half-sister Sarai (Genesis11: 29-30; 21: 1-2) and his brother Nahor marries his and Abram’s brother Haran’s daughter, Milcah (Genesis11: 29). When Terah (Abram’s father) leaves Haran he takes his grandson Lot, Abram and Sarai, but none of the other family, such as, Nahor and his wife Milcah, or Haran’sother daughter, Iscah. In the entire genealogy from Shem onward, after the main patriarchal father begets certain ancestors it says that he beget “other sons and daughters” but when it arrives to Terah, the trend stops there. When a statement is included in parenthesis, this is additional information that the editor, narrator or redactor chose to insert that is not part of the original oral history; like: Shem (ancestor of all the sons of Eber). What was so special about Eber? If anything, Peleg (Eber’s son) should have been mentioned because Abraham’s descendants come directly through his lineage.
The Queen of Sheba who came to hear the wisdom of Solomon (1 Kings 10: 1) could be a descendant from Joktan, a son of Eber and brother of Peleg (Genesis 10: 26-28), or from Jokshan (Genesis 25: 3), a son of Abraham through his second wife [concubine??] Keturah. Aram, a son of Shem is the progenitor of the Arameans (Genesis 10: 23), but Kemuel (father of Aram), who is a son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother might also be the ancestor of the Arameans (Genesis 22: 20-21); at least this is what the editor/redactor implies. The Amalekites are descended from Amalek (son of Timna) and Elphaz, son of Esau (1 Chronicles 1: 35). Timna was also an Edomite tribal chief as well as a Horite living in Edom (1 Chronicles 1: 52; Genesis 36: 20-21). The Midianites are descendants of Abraham through Keturah, as well as the Assyrians, the genetic stock of Dedan, Abraham’s grandson through Keturah, also (Genesis 25: 1-6). One more thing about the Assyrians which is quite ironic: These same people who are related to the Israelites are the very ones who took them into captivity in resettled them in Halah, along the Habor River in Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes [Iraq]. In the capitol of Samaria were relocated the people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim who settled there since that time (2 Kings 15: 29; 17: 24; 18: 9-12). This explains the animosity between Jews and Samaritans during Jesus’ earthly ministry (Matthew 10: 5; John 4: 7-9; 8: 48). Lastly, the Arabs trace their lineage through Ishmael, who was the son of Sarah’s Egyptian handmaiden Hagar, but Hagar also found a wife for her son from Egypt (Genesis 21: 8-9, 17-21). This means that the Arabs are part African or Hamitic [Black] ancestry.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
July 1, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Thursday, June 28, 2012
It is written in the Scriptures concerning Me
Luke 18: 31-33
Then He took unto Him the twelve, and said unto them, “Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the Prophets concerning the Son of Man, shall be accomplished. For He shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and spitefully treated, and spit upon. And they shall scourge (torture) Him, and put Him to death, and the third day He shall rise again.”
Luke 22: 37
For I say unto you that this that is written must yet be accomplished in Me, “AND HE WAS NUMBERED WITH THE TRANSGRESSORS (Cp. Isaiah 53: 12b).”
NOTE: Jesus specifically cited this reference from the Isaiah scroll referring to Him.
Luke 24: 25-27, 44, 46
And He said unto them, “O fools and slow of heart to believe all that the Prophets have spoken: Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into His glory?” And beginning at Moses, and all the Prophets, He expounded unto them in all the Scriptures, the things concerning Him. And He said unto them, “These are the words which I spoke unto you, while I was yet with you; all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the Law of Moses [Torah], & in the Prophets, and in the Psalms concerning Me.” And He said unto them, “Thus it is written, & thus it behooved Christ to suffer & rise from the dead the third day.”
John 2: 49
Nathanael answered, and said unto Him, “Rabbi you are the Son of God and You are the King of Israel.”
John 7: 40, 42
After some in the crowd heard Jesus say these words, they said, “This man is certainly the prophet. Doesn’t Scripture say that the Messiah will come from the descendants of David and from the village of Bethlehem, where David lived?”
John 12: 32-34
And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto Me [Cp. John 3: 14]. (This He said, signifying what death He should die). The people answered Him, “We have heard out of the Law [or is it the Prophets], that Christ abides forever (Cp. Micah 5: 2); and how do you say, the Son of man must be lifted up? Who is this Son of Man?”
COMMENTARY: The gospel narratives portray Jesus telling the disciples at least three times about His death, burial and subsequent resurrection. He goes on to say that this event is written or in fulfillment of Scripture (Law of Moses, Prophets and Psalms) but there in only one place where He is using as a reference (Luke 22: 37 [Isaiah 53: 12b]). Of course there are study aids and references in the margins of modern bibles that translators and editors place in the page column or at the page bottom to help the reader, but outside of that, it is interesting that Jesus did not supply more direct quotations from the Old Testament to better substantiate His fate as preordained of God. Not only that, but did the Jewish mindset at the time consider that their long-awaited Messiah would suffer such cruelty and be killed, especially when the Coming One would be a person that lives forever-not be put to death?
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 27, 2012
randle51@yahoo.com
Then He took unto Him the twelve, and said unto them, “Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the Prophets concerning the Son of Man, shall be accomplished. For He shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and spitefully treated, and spit upon. And they shall scourge (torture) Him, and put Him to death, and the third day He shall rise again.”
Luke 22: 37
For I say unto you that this that is written must yet be accomplished in Me, “AND HE WAS NUMBERED WITH THE TRANSGRESSORS (Cp. Isaiah 53: 12b).”
NOTE: Jesus specifically cited this reference from the Isaiah scroll referring to Him.
Luke 24: 25-27, 44, 46
And He said unto them, “O fools and slow of heart to believe all that the Prophets have spoken: Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into His glory?” And beginning at Moses, and all the Prophets, He expounded unto them in all the Scriptures, the things concerning Him. And He said unto them, “These are the words which I spoke unto you, while I was yet with you; all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the Law of Moses [Torah], & in the Prophets, and in the Psalms concerning Me.” And He said unto them, “Thus it is written, & thus it behooved Christ to suffer & rise from the dead the third day.”
John 2: 49
Nathanael answered, and said unto Him, “Rabbi you are the Son of God and You are the King of Israel.”
John 7: 40, 42
After some in the crowd heard Jesus say these words, they said, “This man is certainly the prophet. Doesn’t Scripture say that the Messiah will come from the descendants of David and from the village of Bethlehem, where David lived?”
John 12: 32-34
And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto Me [Cp. John 3: 14]. (This He said, signifying what death He should die). The people answered Him, “We have heard out of the Law [or is it the Prophets], that Christ abides forever (Cp. Micah 5: 2); and how do you say, the Son of man must be lifted up? Who is this Son of Man?”
COMMENTARY: The gospel narratives portray Jesus telling the disciples at least three times about His death, burial and subsequent resurrection. He goes on to say that this event is written or in fulfillment of Scripture (Law of Moses, Prophets and Psalms) but there in only one place where He is using as a reference (Luke 22: 37 [Isaiah 53: 12b]). Of course there are study aids and references in the margins of modern bibles that translators and editors place in the page column or at the page bottom to help the reader, but outside of that, it is interesting that Jesus did not supply more direct quotations from the Old Testament to better substantiate His fate as preordained of God. Not only that, but did the Jewish mindset at the time consider that their long-awaited Messiah would suffer such cruelty and be killed, especially when the Coming One would be a person that lives forever-not be put to death?
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 27, 2012
randle51@yahoo.com
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
The secret teachings of Jesus
Matthew 1: 16
And Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called the Christ.
Mark 1: 22
And they were astonished at His doctrine; for He taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.
Matthew 13: 10-12, 13, 16-17
And the disciples came, and said to Him, “Why do You speak to them in parables?” he answered, and said to them, “Because it is given to you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given.” “Therefore I speak to them in parables; because they seeing see not: and hearing, they hear not, neither do they understand.” “And in them is fulfilled the prophesy of Isaiah, which says: ‘BY HEARING YOU SHALL HEAR, AND SHALL NOT UNDERSTAND: AND SEEING YOU SHALL SEE, AND SHALL NOT PERCEIVE (Cp. Isaiah 6: 9).’ ” But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your eyes, for they hear. “For verily I say to you, that many Prophets and righteous men have desired to see those things which you see and have not seen them; and to hear the things which you have, and have not heard them.”
Matthew 13: 34-35
And these things spoke Jesus unto the multitude in parables, and without a parable spoke He not unto them; that it might be fulfilled by the Prophet, saying, “I WILL OPEN MY MOUTH IN PARABLES, I WILL UTTER THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN KEPT SECRET FROM THE FOUNDATON OF THE WORLD (Cp. Psalms 78: 2).”
John 3: 3, 6-7, 9-10, 12
Jesus answered and said unto him, “Verily, verily I say unto you, except a man be born again [from above] he cannot see the kingdom of God.” That which is borne of flesh is flesh and that which is born of spirit, is spirit. Marvel not that I said unto you, You must be born again. Nicodemus answered and said unto Him, “How can these things be?” Jesus answered and said to him, “Are you a Master teacher [Rabboni] of Israel and don’t know these things?” If I have told you earthly things, and you believe not: how shall you believe if I tell you of heavenly things?”
1 Kings 4: 29, 34
God gave Solomon wisdom-keen insight and a mind as limited as the sand on the seashore. Solomon’s wisdom was greater than that of all the people of the East and all the wisdom of the Egyptians. He was wiser than anyone, than Ethan the Ezrahite, or Herman, Calcol, or Darda, Mahol’s sons. His fame spread to all the nations surrounding him. People came from every nation to hear his wisdom; they came from all the kings of the earth who had heard about his wisdom.
NOTE: That Solomon was very wise is the stuff of legend-but how do other men compare, such as Daniel (Ezekiel 28: 3); Job (Job 2: 11: 42: 1-6) and Job’s friends, Eliphaz (Job 4: 1); Bildad (Job 8: 1); Zophar (Job 11: 1) and Elihu (Job 32: 1)? There is however, one person who possessed the greatest wisdom of all, as in the following:
Matthew 12: 42
The Queen of the south will stand up at the time of judgment with you. She will condemn you, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear Solomon’s wisdom. But look, someone greater than Solomon is here.
Luke 13: 23-24
Then said one unto Him, “LORD, are there few that be saved?” And He said unto him, “Strive to enter in at the straight gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able.”
Matthew 23: 13
But woe unto you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites; for you shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: For you neither go in yourselves, neither suffer you them who are entering to go in (Cp. Luke 11: 52).
Luke 6: 39
And He spoke a parable unto them, “Can the blind lead the blind? Shall they not both fall into the ditch?”
Luke 17: 20-21
And when He was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, He answered them and said, “The kingdom of God does not come with observation. Neither shall they say, Lo here, or lo there: for behold, the kingdom of heaven is within you.”
COMMENTARY: Outside of Christianity Jesus is accepted as a great teacher of wisdom like Confucius, Lao-Tzu, Pythagoras, Solomon, Buddha, Aristotle and others, but not as the Son of God or Jewish Messiah. The Church, on the other hand has contributed to an over-emphasis on the miraculous or supernatural (exorcisms, signs, wonders, healings, resurrection, etc) and not as much on what Jesus taught. This is not to suggest that these elements are unnecessary but to focus so much attention on the extraordinary causes us not to see what is before our eyes and hiding in plain sight. Jesus is called the “Christ” which means ‘anointed’ in the special sense of the word but I would like to offer another thought here. Jesus as the Son of God who came down to this earth from the highest Heavenly realm to teach us how to find our way back to God, offers this gift of esoteric knowledge wrapped up in the garment of mundane everyday sayings which obscure greater spiritual truth. The parables He delivered most likely have a double meaning which might be difficult to discern at first, and while it might not be the case for all of them all of them, doubtless, some of them probably do.
I remember reading a little bit about Zen Buddhism where the student or pupil is taught a simple Koan (riddle, parable or proverb) by the Master and not instructed as to what it means or how to interpret it. It is only after diligent reflection, contemplation or meditation without external distraction that the mental discipline and sometimes rigorous physical training and sacrifice pays off and the novice (disciple) understands. This person has just experienced an epiphany [Def. – A sudden rush of intuitive insight into the essential nature or meaning of a thing]. So, what does all of this have to do with Jesus and His teaching or Christianity, for that matter? Most of the time, whether in pulpits or Bible classes on Wednesday night or Sunday School, parables are rarely taught, and when they are it is usually interpreted in a very literal way because this how the meaning appears on the surface. It all seems so simple and perhaps that is just the point. Jesus said that the purpose is to obscure to truth and not make it plainly clear. If the audience to whom He spoke these words to didn’t grasp the hidden meaning, even within the context of their social and religious environment with terms that they would have been most familiar with, then what are our chances today that we could? Even some of Jesus’ followers found it difficult to fully comprehend or understand His message (Cp. John 6: 60).
It must be remembered that Jesus spoke many parables but He only gave answers to but just a few as recorded in the gospels, and even then there might have been a deeper meaning or layer underneath. Keep in mind that the times that Jesus disclosed the meaning of the parables to His disciples [The Twelve] was when they were in a private setting, away from the crowd. There were a couple of occasions when Jesus asked the disciples if they understood the parables and they said they did. I am not so sure they did, and certainly not all of them because Jesus rebuked “the twelve” several times for their unbelief and being dull if hearing; not to mention their embarrassing behavior from time to time. Outside the miracles and the few instances of social interaction, parables are the crown jewel of Jesus’ teaching and it would benefit us greatly to ask God to open up our understanding to these sacred words that have been hidden from the foundation of the world.
To wrap this up then, I am starting to think of Jesus in a slightly different way now. The Son of God, yes, that’s a given but when I read about Jesus who is called “Christ” to me it is like this: Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River and as a result of the mystical experience that He had, the Holy Spirit descending upon Him and hearing God’s voice from heaven seems to me that He become a ‘Bodhisattva’ [attaining “Enlightenment”], which is also having an epiphany. As a divine being who took on the mantle of human flesh, Jesus set aside His divine prerogatives of godhood. The experience in the Jordan awakened Him to the higher spiritual realm [in its fullness??] at that moment in time and what had been forgotten was now restored to His memory and He knew what the end of His mission was- to teach us how to find our way back to the Source (God) through His teachings, and to ultimately, die for the sins of the world.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 19, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
And Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called the Christ.
Mark 1: 22
And they were astonished at His doctrine; for He taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.
Matthew 13: 10-12, 13, 16-17
And the disciples came, and said to Him, “Why do You speak to them in parables?” he answered, and said to them, “Because it is given to you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given.” “Therefore I speak to them in parables; because they seeing see not: and hearing, they hear not, neither do they understand.” “And in them is fulfilled the prophesy of Isaiah, which says: ‘BY HEARING YOU SHALL HEAR, AND SHALL NOT UNDERSTAND: AND SEEING YOU SHALL SEE, AND SHALL NOT PERCEIVE (Cp. Isaiah 6: 9).’ ” But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your eyes, for they hear. “For verily I say to you, that many Prophets and righteous men have desired to see those things which you see and have not seen them; and to hear the things which you have, and have not heard them.”
Matthew 13: 34-35
And these things spoke Jesus unto the multitude in parables, and without a parable spoke He not unto them; that it might be fulfilled by the Prophet, saying, “I WILL OPEN MY MOUTH IN PARABLES, I WILL UTTER THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN KEPT SECRET FROM THE FOUNDATON OF THE WORLD (Cp. Psalms 78: 2).”
John 3: 3, 6-7, 9-10, 12
Jesus answered and said unto him, “Verily, verily I say unto you, except a man be born again [from above] he cannot see the kingdom of God.” That which is borne of flesh is flesh and that which is born of spirit, is spirit. Marvel not that I said unto you, You must be born again. Nicodemus answered and said unto Him, “How can these things be?” Jesus answered and said to him, “Are you a Master teacher [Rabboni] of Israel and don’t know these things?” If I have told you earthly things, and you believe not: how shall you believe if I tell you of heavenly things?”
1 Kings 4: 29, 34
God gave Solomon wisdom-keen insight and a mind as limited as the sand on the seashore. Solomon’s wisdom was greater than that of all the people of the East and all the wisdom of the Egyptians. He was wiser than anyone, than Ethan the Ezrahite, or Herman, Calcol, or Darda, Mahol’s sons. His fame spread to all the nations surrounding him. People came from every nation to hear his wisdom; they came from all the kings of the earth who had heard about his wisdom.
NOTE: That Solomon was very wise is the stuff of legend-but how do other men compare, such as Daniel (Ezekiel 28: 3); Job (Job 2: 11: 42: 1-6) and Job’s friends, Eliphaz (Job 4: 1); Bildad (Job 8: 1); Zophar (Job 11: 1) and Elihu (Job 32: 1)? There is however, one person who possessed the greatest wisdom of all, as in the following:
Matthew 12: 42
The Queen of the south will stand up at the time of judgment with you. She will condemn you, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear Solomon’s wisdom. But look, someone greater than Solomon is here.
Luke 13: 23-24
Then said one unto Him, “LORD, are there few that be saved?” And He said unto him, “Strive to enter in at the straight gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able.”
Matthew 23: 13
But woe unto you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites; for you shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: For you neither go in yourselves, neither suffer you them who are entering to go in (Cp. Luke 11: 52).
Luke 6: 39
And He spoke a parable unto them, “Can the blind lead the blind? Shall they not both fall into the ditch?”
Luke 17: 20-21
And when He was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, He answered them and said, “The kingdom of God does not come with observation. Neither shall they say, Lo here, or lo there: for behold, the kingdom of heaven is within you.”
COMMENTARY: Outside of Christianity Jesus is accepted as a great teacher of wisdom like Confucius, Lao-Tzu, Pythagoras, Solomon, Buddha, Aristotle and others, but not as the Son of God or Jewish Messiah. The Church, on the other hand has contributed to an over-emphasis on the miraculous or supernatural (exorcisms, signs, wonders, healings, resurrection, etc) and not as much on what Jesus taught. This is not to suggest that these elements are unnecessary but to focus so much attention on the extraordinary causes us not to see what is before our eyes and hiding in plain sight. Jesus is called the “Christ” which means ‘anointed’ in the special sense of the word but I would like to offer another thought here. Jesus as the Son of God who came down to this earth from the highest Heavenly realm to teach us how to find our way back to God, offers this gift of esoteric knowledge wrapped up in the garment of mundane everyday sayings which obscure greater spiritual truth. The parables He delivered most likely have a double meaning which might be difficult to discern at first, and while it might not be the case for all of them all of them, doubtless, some of them probably do.
I remember reading a little bit about Zen Buddhism where the student or pupil is taught a simple Koan (riddle, parable or proverb) by the Master and not instructed as to what it means or how to interpret it. It is only after diligent reflection, contemplation or meditation without external distraction that the mental discipline and sometimes rigorous physical training and sacrifice pays off and the novice (disciple) understands. This person has just experienced an epiphany [Def. – A sudden rush of intuitive insight into the essential nature or meaning of a thing]. So, what does all of this have to do with Jesus and His teaching or Christianity, for that matter? Most of the time, whether in pulpits or Bible classes on Wednesday night or Sunday School, parables are rarely taught, and when they are it is usually interpreted in a very literal way because this how the meaning appears on the surface. It all seems so simple and perhaps that is just the point. Jesus said that the purpose is to obscure to truth and not make it plainly clear. If the audience to whom He spoke these words to didn’t grasp the hidden meaning, even within the context of their social and religious environment with terms that they would have been most familiar with, then what are our chances today that we could? Even some of Jesus’ followers found it difficult to fully comprehend or understand His message (Cp. John 6: 60).
It must be remembered that Jesus spoke many parables but He only gave answers to but just a few as recorded in the gospels, and even then there might have been a deeper meaning or layer underneath. Keep in mind that the times that Jesus disclosed the meaning of the parables to His disciples [The Twelve] was when they were in a private setting, away from the crowd. There were a couple of occasions when Jesus asked the disciples if they understood the parables and they said they did. I am not so sure they did, and certainly not all of them because Jesus rebuked “the twelve” several times for their unbelief and being dull if hearing; not to mention their embarrassing behavior from time to time. Outside the miracles and the few instances of social interaction, parables are the crown jewel of Jesus’ teaching and it would benefit us greatly to ask God to open up our understanding to these sacred words that have been hidden from the foundation of the world.
To wrap this up then, I am starting to think of Jesus in a slightly different way now. The Son of God, yes, that’s a given but when I read about Jesus who is called “Christ” to me it is like this: Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River and as a result of the mystical experience that He had, the Holy Spirit descending upon Him and hearing God’s voice from heaven seems to me that He become a ‘Bodhisattva’ [attaining “Enlightenment”], which is also having an epiphany. As a divine being who took on the mantle of human flesh, Jesus set aside His divine prerogatives of godhood. The experience in the Jordan awakened Him to the higher spiritual realm [in its fullness??] at that moment in time and what had been forgotten was now restored to His memory and He knew what the end of His mission was- to teach us how to find our way back to the Source (God) through His teachings, and to ultimately, die for the sins of the world.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 19, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Let there be Light
Jeremiah 4: 23
I beheld the earth, and behold, it was chaos and disorder (tohu vavohu).
NOTE: Another possible translation of this verse is: “I beheld the earth, and behold, it was without Light.”
Genesis 1: 2
And the earth was without form and void (tohu vavohu), and “darkness” was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering (“vibrating”) upon the face of the waters (mayim).
NOTE: Is the deep referred to here “The Absolute” in Hindu and “Tao” in Daoism?
Genesis 1: 3a
And Elohim (God) said, “Let there be light (ohr).”
Genesis 1: 4b
And Elohim separated divided the light (Yang) from the darkness (Yin).
NOTE: On the “face of the deep” where darkness was, Elohim separated light (Yang) from darkness (Yin).
Genesis 1: 5
And Elohim called the light Day and the darkness is called Night.
NOTE: Now on the “face of the deep” where there was perpetual or eternal Night exists Day now, too.
Genesis 1: 6
And Elohim said, “Let there be a “rakia” (expanse, dome, firmament) in the midst of the waters, dividing the waters from the waters.
Genesis 1: 7
And Elohim made the rakia, and divided the waters under the rakia from the waters which were above the rakia; and it was so.
Genesis 1: 8a
And Elohim called the “rakia,” Heaven.
NOTE: “Heaven” is what separates the waters into regions; one above and another below. These ‘waters’ are probably heavier or lighter as far as mass from the other and their cosmic nothingness [visible/invisible??] and vibratory frequency probably differs, too.
Genesis 1: 9-10a
And Elohim said, “Let the waters under the heaven be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear; and it was so. And Elohim called the dry ground (yahabashah) Earth.
2 Peter 3: 5
They are deliberately ignoring one fact: Because of God’s word, heaven and earth existed a long time ago. The earth appeared out of water and was kept alive by water.
NOTE: Since earth appeared “out of” the Seas/Oceans (water) and all the biologic forms which later adapted and survived on land from the amphibian prototypes of marine life, doesn’t this support Darwin’s Theory of Evolution? How the material that makes up soil, rocks, hills and mountains can emerge from water (H2O) is quite a mystery. Life cannot exist without that precious element, of which precisely seven-tenths cover the planet and it is the same ratio of fluids [blood, lymph, fats, etc.] that exist in the human body.
Genesis 1: 11
And Elohim said, “Let the earth bring forth vegetation, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit, after its kind whose seed is in itself, upon the earth; and it was so.
Genesis 1: 12
And the earth brought forth vegetation, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit, after its kind whose seed is in itself.
NOTE: This is the Earth beginning to become a living, self-sustaining ecosystem; quite literally, bringing forth the ‘first-fruits’ of Creation and it takes place on The Third Day.
DIGRESSION:
Hosea 6: 2b
On the “third day” He will raise us so that we may live in His presence.
Luke 24: 7
He said, “The Son of Man must be handed over to sinful people to be crucified, and come back to life on the third day.”
1 Corinthians 15: 20
But now is Christ risen from the dead, and has become the first-fruits of them that have died.
Genesis 1: 14
And Elohim said, “Let there be lights in the rakia (expanse, dome, firmament) of the heaven (outer space) to divide the day from the night (vs. 18b), and let them be for signs, seasons, days and years.
NOTE: This is different from Genesis 1: 3-5. The signs could be astrology or astronomy, and used in interpreting prophesy or some unfavorable omen. The rest could pertain to the later Jewish religious celebrations.
Genesis 1: 16-17
And Elohim made two great lights, the greater light (the Sun) to rule the day, and the lesser light (the Moon) to rule the night; Elohim made the stars (kokhavim) also. And Elohim set them in the ‘rakia’ of the heaven to give light upon the earth.
NOTE: This is very interesting because it contradicts Cosmology, Astrophysics and Astronomy because it means the Earth is older than the Sun, Moon or stars in this Solar System or even Milky Way Galaxy; which scientific research has ample evidence to the contrary. The only way this could be even remotely possible is if the picture being painted here is of a pre-physical Earth, and if so, then order doesn’t really matter.
Genesis 1: 20-21a
Elohim said, “Let the waters bring forth an abundance of living creatures, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open ‘rakia’ (expanse, dome, firmament) of heaven. Elohim created great sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, which the waters brought forth in abundance, after their kind, and every winged fowl after its kind. . .
NOTE: Could this great sea creature be the legendary prehistoric Loch Ness dinosaur and also it seems that birds or fowl with wings came from the waters or an aquatic environment as opposed to from the land or ground (??).
Job 41: 1-2, 7
Can you draw Leviathan (Cp. Psalms 104: 25-26) with a hook or his tongue with a cord that you let down? Can you put a hook in his nose or bore his jaw through with a thorn? Can you fill his skin with barbed irons or his head with fishhooks?
Genesis 1: 24
Elohim said, “Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind; and it was so.
Job 40: 15-16-17a,
Behold now Behemoth which I made with you, he eats grass as oxen. His strength is in his loins and his force is in the navel of his belly. He moves his tail like a cedar. His bones are as strong pieces of brass. His bones are like bars of iron. Surely the mountains bring him forth food; where all the beasts of the field play.
Genesis 1: 26
And God said, “Let Us make man [Adam] in Our image and after Our likeness, and let them [Adam] have dominion. . .
Genesis 1: 29-30
And God said, “Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the entire earth [nothing poisonous or inedible] and every tree in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed, to you it shall be for food. And to every beast of the earth and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creeps on the earth wherein there in life, I have given every “green” herb for food; and it was so.
NOTE: The “original” diet of humankind was vegetarian and as herbivores. Animals did not eat the flesh of its prey as such an instinct had not been activated to kill for survival. This state however, changed after the Flood, as in the following below:
Genesis 6: 11-13
The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with violence. And God looked upon the earth, and behold, it was corrupt: for all flesh (including animals??) had corrupted His way upon the earth. And God said to Noah, “The end of all flesh is come before Me, for the earth is filled with violence through them; and behold, I will destroy them with the earth (Cp. 2 Peter 3: 5-6).”
Genesis 9: 2
And the fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every fowl of the air and all [the creatures] that move upon the face of the earth and upon all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you; even as the green herb I have given you all things [including poisonous roots, too??].
COMMENTARY: Aside from all the rocket scientist stuff regarding Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Muons, Leptons, Quarks, particle string theory, the Atomic Table, multiple universes and dimensions, the Higgs boson “God particle” or exploding Super Novas and matter without form-how everything works is still a mystery. Don’t even let me get started on Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) because I would just confuse all of us. The thing is though, and I think appropriate in this instance is taken from the Koran where the ‘light’ mentioned in Genesis 1: 3 and translated from Arabic means “understanding.” Now the word could be more of a spiritual than literal translation but it is worth consideration because so often the Bible is usually interpreted in a fundamental or literal way.
Just as the cycle of violence started with Cain and then Lamech (Noah’s father), this set off a chain-of-events that affected even the animal kingdom and probably the plant kingdom as well [maybe not in this case] and the Creator had no choice but to purge the earth of this corruption/sin through the overwhelming deluge (“baptism”) of water which engulfed the entire planet [or Mesopotamian Basin at the very least]. Although animals were taken aboard the ark their natures changed after tasting blood and mankind was no longer in communion with them as before, and now part of the food chain includes the ones who are at the very top of it. Doubtless, becoming carnivores changed the structure of our teeth and maybe even our very appearance. It might not be such a stretch to link the new fleshy diet with disease, a shortened lifespan [the medical Messiahs would vigorously disagree] or other psychological problems, and in spite of technological advancements along with the Internet and smart phones we still don’t even know how to solve our solid waste problem.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 18, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
I beheld the earth, and behold, it was chaos and disorder (tohu vavohu).
NOTE: Another possible translation of this verse is: “I beheld the earth, and behold, it was without Light.”
Genesis 1: 2
And the earth was without form and void (tohu vavohu), and “darkness” was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering (“vibrating”) upon the face of the waters (mayim).
NOTE: Is the deep referred to here “The Absolute” in Hindu and “Tao” in Daoism?
Genesis 1: 3a
And Elohim (God) said, “Let there be light (ohr).”
Genesis 1: 4b
And Elohim separated divided the light (Yang) from the darkness (Yin).
NOTE: On the “face of the deep” where darkness was, Elohim separated light (Yang) from darkness (Yin).
Genesis 1: 5
And Elohim called the light Day and the darkness is called Night.
NOTE: Now on the “face of the deep” where there was perpetual or eternal Night exists Day now, too.
Genesis 1: 6
And Elohim said, “Let there be a “rakia” (expanse, dome, firmament) in the midst of the waters, dividing the waters from the waters.
Genesis 1: 7
And Elohim made the rakia, and divided the waters under the rakia from the waters which were above the rakia; and it was so.
Genesis 1: 8a
And Elohim called the “rakia,” Heaven.
NOTE: “Heaven” is what separates the waters into regions; one above and another below. These ‘waters’ are probably heavier or lighter as far as mass from the other and their cosmic nothingness [visible/invisible??] and vibratory frequency probably differs, too.
Genesis 1: 9-10a
And Elohim said, “Let the waters under the heaven be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear; and it was so. And Elohim called the dry ground (yahabashah) Earth.
2 Peter 3: 5
They are deliberately ignoring one fact: Because of God’s word, heaven and earth existed a long time ago. The earth appeared out of water and was kept alive by water.
NOTE: Since earth appeared “out of” the Seas/Oceans (water) and all the biologic forms which later adapted and survived on land from the amphibian prototypes of marine life, doesn’t this support Darwin’s Theory of Evolution? How the material that makes up soil, rocks, hills and mountains can emerge from water (H2O) is quite a mystery. Life cannot exist without that precious element, of which precisely seven-tenths cover the planet and it is the same ratio of fluids [blood, lymph, fats, etc.] that exist in the human body.
Genesis 1: 11
And Elohim said, “Let the earth bring forth vegetation, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit, after its kind whose seed is in itself, upon the earth; and it was so.
Genesis 1: 12
And the earth brought forth vegetation, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit, after its kind whose seed is in itself.
NOTE: This is the Earth beginning to become a living, self-sustaining ecosystem; quite literally, bringing forth the ‘first-fruits’ of Creation and it takes place on The Third Day.
DIGRESSION:
Hosea 6: 2b
On the “third day” He will raise us so that we may live in His presence.
Luke 24: 7
He said, “The Son of Man must be handed over to sinful people to be crucified, and come back to life on the third day.”
1 Corinthians 15: 20
But now is Christ risen from the dead, and has become the first-fruits of them that have died.
Genesis 1: 14
And Elohim said, “Let there be lights in the rakia (expanse, dome, firmament) of the heaven (outer space) to divide the day from the night (vs. 18b), and let them be for signs, seasons, days and years.
NOTE: This is different from Genesis 1: 3-5. The signs could be astrology or astronomy, and used in interpreting prophesy or some unfavorable omen. The rest could pertain to the later Jewish religious celebrations.
Genesis 1: 16-17
And Elohim made two great lights, the greater light (the Sun) to rule the day, and the lesser light (the Moon) to rule the night; Elohim made the stars (kokhavim) also. And Elohim set them in the ‘rakia’ of the heaven to give light upon the earth.
NOTE: This is very interesting because it contradicts Cosmology, Astrophysics and Astronomy because it means the Earth is older than the Sun, Moon or stars in this Solar System or even Milky Way Galaxy; which scientific research has ample evidence to the contrary. The only way this could be even remotely possible is if the picture being painted here is of a pre-physical Earth, and if so, then order doesn’t really matter.
Genesis 1: 20-21a
Elohim said, “Let the waters bring forth an abundance of living creatures, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open ‘rakia’ (expanse, dome, firmament) of heaven. Elohim created great sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, which the waters brought forth in abundance, after their kind, and every winged fowl after its kind. . .
NOTE: Could this great sea creature be the legendary prehistoric Loch Ness dinosaur and also it seems that birds or fowl with wings came from the waters or an aquatic environment as opposed to from the land or ground (??).
Job 41: 1-2, 7
Can you draw Leviathan (Cp. Psalms 104: 25-26) with a hook or his tongue with a cord that you let down? Can you put a hook in his nose or bore his jaw through with a thorn? Can you fill his skin with barbed irons or his head with fishhooks?
Genesis 1: 24
Elohim said, “Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind; and it was so.
Job 40: 15-16-17a,
Behold now Behemoth which I made with you, he eats grass as oxen. His strength is in his loins and his force is in the navel of his belly. He moves his tail like a cedar. His bones are as strong pieces of brass. His bones are like bars of iron. Surely the mountains bring him forth food; where all the beasts of the field play.
Genesis 1: 26
And God said, “Let Us make man [Adam] in Our image and after Our likeness, and let them [Adam] have dominion. . .
Genesis 1: 29-30
And God said, “Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the entire earth [nothing poisonous or inedible] and every tree in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed, to you it shall be for food. And to every beast of the earth and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creeps on the earth wherein there in life, I have given every “green” herb for food; and it was so.
NOTE: The “original” diet of humankind was vegetarian and as herbivores. Animals did not eat the flesh of its prey as such an instinct had not been activated to kill for survival. This state however, changed after the Flood, as in the following below:
Genesis 6: 11-13
The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with violence. And God looked upon the earth, and behold, it was corrupt: for all flesh (including animals??) had corrupted His way upon the earth. And God said to Noah, “The end of all flesh is come before Me, for the earth is filled with violence through them; and behold, I will destroy them with the earth (Cp. 2 Peter 3: 5-6).”
Genesis 9: 2
And the fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every fowl of the air and all [the creatures] that move upon the face of the earth and upon all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you; even as the green herb I have given you all things [including poisonous roots, too??].
COMMENTARY: Aside from all the rocket scientist stuff regarding Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Muons, Leptons, Quarks, particle string theory, the Atomic Table, multiple universes and dimensions, the Higgs boson “God particle” or exploding Super Novas and matter without form-how everything works is still a mystery. Don’t even let me get started on Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) because I would just confuse all of us. The thing is though, and I think appropriate in this instance is taken from the Koran where the ‘light’ mentioned in Genesis 1: 3 and translated from Arabic means “understanding.” Now the word could be more of a spiritual than literal translation but it is worth consideration because so often the Bible is usually interpreted in a fundamental or literal way.
Just as the cycle of violence started with Cain and then Lamech (Noah’s father), this set off a chain-of-events that affected even the animal kingdom and probably the plant kingdom as well [maybe not in this case] and the Creator had no choice but to purge the earth of this corruption/sin through the overwhelming deluge (“baptism”) of water which engulfed the entire planet [or Mesopotamian Basin at the very least]. Although animals were taken aboard the ark their natures changed after tasting blood and mankind was no longer in communion with them as before, and now part of the food chain includes the ones who are at the very top of it. Doubtless, becoming carnivores changed the structure of our teeth and maybe even our very appearance. It might not be such a stretch to link the new fleshy diet with disease, a shortened lifespan [the medical Messiahs would vigorously disagree] or other psychological problems, and in spite of technological advancements along with the Internet and smart phones we still don’t even know how to solve our solid waste problem.
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
June 18, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Tuesday, June 19, 2012
Did the early Church understand Jesus’ divinity in the the same way?
When the Bible is read by modern believers in the Western Hemisphere and America there is a tendency to think that our concepts are the same as those of the early Christian Church in the Middle East, Asia Minor, Asia and Old Europe nearly two-thousand years ago; but is this necessarily true? The Bible is understood through translations from Hebrew, then Greek to Anglo-Saxon English based upon millennia-old Greco-Roman cultural experience and traditions.
Acts 2: 22
You men of Israel hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by [through] Him in the midst of you, as you yourselves also know.
NOTE: Why didn’t Peter simply tell the Jews assembled at the Pentecost celebration that Jesus was the Son of God? Perhaps it was because of John 5: 18; 10: 33, which reads: Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill Him [Jesus], because He not only had broken the Sabbath, but said that God was His Father, making Himself equal with God. The Jews answered Him [Jesus] saying, “For a good work we don’t seek to stone you but for blasphemy; because you, being a man, make yourself [equal with] God.” Also, what would Peter have meant by calling Jesus the Son of God, anyway?
Acts 3: 18
But those things, which God beforehand had shown by the mouth of all His prophets, that Christ [Mashiyach] should suffer, He hath so fulfilled.
NOTE: Psalms 22 and Isaiah 53 are the most often quoted passages in the gospels pertaining to the sufferings of Jesus of all the prophetical writings. These particular Scriptures do not necessarily refer exclusively to the Messiah or Son of God, and Isaiah 53: 11 says: He shall see the travail of His soul, and shall be satisfied; by His knowledge shall My righteous Servant [not Son, necessarily] justify many; for He shall bear their iniquities.
Acts 3: 22-23
For Moses truly said unto the fathers, “A PROPHET SHALL THE LORD YOUR GOD RAISE UP UNTO YOU OF YOUR BRETHREN, LIKE UNTO ME; HIM SHALL YOU HEAR N ALL THINGS WHATSOEVER HE SHALL SAY UNTO YOU. AND IT SHALL COME TO PASS, THAT EVERY SOUL WHICH SHALL NOT HEAR [OBEY] THAT PROPHET SHALL BE DESTROYED FROM AMONG THE PEOPLE.”
NOTE: Did Peter have in mind someone like a later-day prophet of old, like Moses? None of the gospel narratives or Paul’s epistles uses this quote. Peter does however, refer to Jesus as God’s Son in verse 13, though.
Acts 8: 32-35, 37b
The place of the Scripture which he read was this: HE WAS LED AS A SHEEP TO THE SLAUGHTER; AND LIKE A LAMB DUMB BEFORE HIS SHEARER, SO OPENED HE NOT HIS MOUTH; IN HIS HUMLIATION HIS JUDGMMENT WAS TAKEN AWAY; AND WHO SHALL DECLARE HIS GENERATION? FOR HIS LIFE IS TAKEN FROM THE EARTH [Cp. Isaiah 53: 7b-8]. And the eunuch answered Philip and said, “I ask you, of whom speaks the prophet this, of himself or some other man?” Then Philip opened his mouth and began at the same Scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. And he [the eunuch] answered and said, “I believe that Jesus is the Son of God.”
NOTE: This passage in Isaiah, which is one of the most striking and definitive as far as connecting Jesus as the Messiah, is not mentioned anywhere else in the New Testament [that I am aware of]; and this is quite surprising.
Acts 9: 20
And immediately he [Saul/Paul] preached Christ in the synagogues, that He is the Son of God.
NOTE: After having the supernatural experience with the risen Jesus on the Damascus road earlier (Cp. Acts 9: 1-5) why doesn’t the narrative say that Saul proved from the Scriptures in the synagogue [Tanakh] that Jesus was the Son of God? There are some who make a distinction between the mortal Jesus and the spiritual being called the Christ. Not only that, but what Scriptural passages did he exegete [teach from]?
Acts 10: 38
How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit [Ha Ruach Kodesh] and power: Who went about doing good and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with Him.
NOTE: In this verse is the real meaning of the word “Christ” [Gr. Christos/Heb. Mashiyach], which simply means, “anointed” or consecrated and set apart for a particular purpose [service to God]. Isaiah 45: 1a says: Thus says the LORD to His anointed [Heb. Mashiyach], to Cyrus, whose right hand I have held up, to subdue nations before him.
Acts 13: 23
Of this man’s seed [King David-verse 22] had God according to His promise raised unto Israel a Savior, Jesus.
NOTE: The Hebrew word for Savior is “Moshia” or Messiah.
Acts 13: 32-37
And we declare unto you glad tidings [Gr. Evangelion-“Good News” or the gospel], how that the promise which was made unto the fathers, God has fulfilled the same unto us their children in that He had raised up Jesus again; as it is also written in the second psalm: “THOU ART MY SON, THIS DAY HAVE I BEGOTTEN YOU (Cp. Psalms 2: 7b).” And as concerning that He raised Him [Jesus] up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, He [God] said on this wise, “I WILL GIVE YOU THE SURE MERCIES OF DAVID (Cp. Isaiah 55: 3b).” Wherefore he said in another psalm, “THOU SHALT NOT SUFFER THY HOLY ONE TO SEE CORRUPTION (Cp. Psalms 16: 10).” For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of God, fell on sleep (died), and was laid unto his fathers, and saw corruption: But He [Jesus], whom God raised up again, saw no corruption.
NOTE: There are a few things to comment on here. Did God the Father accept Jesus as His only-begotten Son on the “day” that He raised Him from the dead (Cp. Colossians 1: 18a), from birth out of Mary’s womb (Cp. Hebrews 1: 6) or at His baptism in the Jordan River? Also, Jesus as the “only begotten” Son of God in Acts 13: 33 is derived from the prophesy of Psalms 2: 7b, and this passage in the Psalms is not referred to in the gospels at all; in fact, the only time that the term “only begotten” Son of God is found almost exclusively in John 1: 14, 18; 3: 16, 18; 1 John 4: 9, and the author of the book of Hebrews uses the term “begotten” instead of only-begotten (Cp. 1: 5 and 5: 5). Acts 13: 35 and Paul’s use of Psalms 16: 10 is a shorter version of Peter’s longer message starting in Acts 2: 22-24. Acts 2: 25 is from Psalms 16: 8; Acts 2: 26 is from Psalms 16: 9; Acts 2: 27 is from Psalms 16: 10; and Acts 2: 28 is from Psalms 16: 11.
Acts 17: 2-3
And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three Sabbaths reasoned with them out of the Scriptures [Tanakh], opening and alleging that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you is the Christ.
NOTE: Did Paul use more passages like those found in Psalms 16: 9b-11; Psalms 22: 1, 6-8, 13-18 or Isaiah 53: 1-12; and just what Scriptures did he use to prove his point?
Acts 17: 10-11
And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night to Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. These were nobler than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.
NOTE: Where in the Scriptures did they look to as reference material?
Acts 18: 24, 27-28
And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the Scriptures, came to Ephesus. And when he was disposed to pass into Achaia, the brethren wrote, exhorting the disciples to receive him: who, when he was come, helped them much which had believed by grace. For he mightily convinced the Jews, and that publicly [not just in the synagogue], showing (proving) by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ.
NOTE: Again, like the Apostle Paul, what were his references in the Tanakh [Old Testament]?
Acts 26: 22-23a
Having therefore obtained help from God, I [the apostle Paul] continue to this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come. That Christ should suffer, and that He should [would] be the first that should [would] rise from the dead.
NOTE: Basically, the few Scriptures that mainly detail such things are again, Psalms 2: 7; Psalms 16: 9b-11; Psalms 22: 1, 6-8, 13-18; Isaiah 53: 1-12 and Zechariah 12: 10.
Colossians 1: 13, 15
God has delivered us from the power of darkness, and has translated us into the kingdom of His dear Son: Who is the firstborn of every creature.
Revelation 3: 14
And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write: These things says the A-men, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God.
NOTE: These passages in Colossians and Revelation are quite controversial, in that on the surface it seems to say the Son did not co-exist eternally with God the Father but rather was the first emanation of divine will and from and through Him [the Son] all of creation was formed and brought into manifestation from beginning [afterward].
1Timothy 2: 5
For there is only one God, and one mediator between God and men; the man Jesus Christ.
NOTE: The book of Hebrews puts it a little differently, as in the following:
Hebrews 1: 1-3, 8-12
God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spoke in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, has in these last days spoken unto us by His Son, whom He has appointed heir of all things, by whom also He made the worlds; Who being the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high; being made so much better than the angels, as He had by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. But unto the Son He [God the Father] says, “YOUR THRONE, O GOD, IS FOREVER AND FOREVER: A SCEPTER OF RIGHTEOUSNESS IS THE SCEPTER OF YOUR KINGDOM. YOU HAVE LOVED RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HATED INIQUIY; THEREFORE GOD, EVEN THY GOD HAS ANOINTED YOU WITH THE OIL OF GLADNESS ABOVE YOUR FELLOWS (Cp. Psalms 45: 6-7). AND, YOU LORD, IN THE BEGINNING HAS LAID THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE EARTH; AND THE HEAVENS ARE THE WORK OF YOUR HANDS: THEY SHALL PERISH; BUT YOU REMAIN; AND THEY SHALL WAX OLD AS A GARMENT. AND AS VESTURE SHALL YOU FOLD THEM UP, AND THEY SHALL BE CHANGED: BUT YOU ARE THE SAME AND THE YEARS SHALL NOT FAIL (Cp. Psalms 102: 25-27).” [The context of even these passages do not definitively pertain to the Messiah or the Son of God as derived from Psalms, but are woven together to prove the anonymous writer’s point of view].
1 John 1: 3
That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that you may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with His Son Jesus Christ.
1 John 3: 23a
And this is His [God the Father] commandment. That we should believe on the name of His Son Jesus Christ.
1 John 4: 15
Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwells in him, and he in God.
1 John 5: 5
Who is he that overcomes the world, but he that believes that Jesus is the Son of God.
NOTE: See also verses 9b-13 and 20.
CONCLUSION: It can be observed from reading the many examples in the gospel narratives that there was varying opinions as to who Jesus was. He was called the son of David a few times and at others, the prophet from Nazareth. Some people thought He was one of the prophets of the old patriarchal days that God had resurrected, and Jesus mostly referred to Himself by the prophetical title “Son of Man,” mostly found in the books of Ezekiel and Isaiah. In fact, Jesus sternly warned people not to call Him the Christ [Mashiyach/Messiah]. The gospel of John is the only one where Jesus actually says that He is the Son of God (Cp. John 9: 35; 10: 36; and so on). Peter confesses Jesus as the Son of God (Cp. Matthew 16: 16; John 6: 40, 69). The disciples believe that Jesus is the Son of God after He rebukes the wind (Cp. Matthew 14: 33) but in the other Synoptic accounts the disciples wonder what kind of man is this that rebukes the winds and the waves (Cp. Mark 4: 41; Luke8: 24-25) and in John’s gospel the disciples are not recorded as saying anything at all about the event (Cp. John 6: 18-21).
Nathanael calls Jesus the Son of God and King of Israel (Cp. John 1: 18, 34 and 49) and Martha confesses that Jesus is the Son of God (Cp. John 11: 23-27). All the gospels mention about the high priest asking Jesus if He was the Son of God or the Blessed One just to gather incriminating evidence that might be used to condemn Him for blasphemy. The thing is though, what about the ‘Shema’ of Deuteronomy 6: 4- “Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God [HaShem] is one (echad) LORD?” According to numerous passages in Isaiah there is no other God (Cp. Isaiah 43: 11; 44: 6; 45: 5-6, 21; 47: 8, 10) as well as in Deuteronomy 4: 35, so it is interesting to speculate how a believing Jew in the first century could process mentally, emotionally and religiously belief in a Son of God along with God of the patriarchs as such, and yet accept or believe Jesus when He says in John 6: 38, 42-“For I came down from heaven, not to do My will but Him that sent Me.” And they said, “Isn’t this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How is it then that He says, I came down from heaven?” Jesus also said, “I and the Father are one.” Then the Jews took up stones again to stone Him. (Cp. John 10: 30-31). Lastly, for further study regarding the human and divine nature of Jesus, one should read about the Ecumenical councils: The First Ecumenical Council in Nicea, Asia Minor (325 CE); The Second Ecumenical Council, Constantinople (381 CE); The Third Ecumenical Council at Ephesus (431 CE); The Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451 CE); The Fifth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople (553 CE) and The Sixth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople (680-681 CE).
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
May 6, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
Acts 2: 22
You men of Israel hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by [through] Him in the midst of you, as you yourselves also know.
NOTE: Why didn’t Peter simply tell the Jews assembled at the Pentecost celebration that Jesus was the Son of God? Perhaps it was because of John 5: 18; 10: 33, which reads: Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill Him [Jesus], because He not only had broken the Sabbath, but said that God was His Father, making Himself equal with God. The Jews answered Him [Jesus] saying, “For a good work we don’t seek to stone you but for blasphemy; because you, being a man, make yourself [equal with] God.” Also, what would Peter have meant by calling Jesus the Son of God, anyway?
Acts 3: 18
But those things, which God beforehand had shown by the mouth of all His prophets, that Christ [Mashiyach] should suffer, He hath so fulfilled.
NOTE: Psalms 22 and Isaiah 53 are the most often quoted passages in the gospels pertaining to the sufferings of Jesus of all the prophetical writings. These particular Scriptures do not necessarily refer exclusively to the Messiah or Son of God, and Isaiah 53: 11 says: He shall see the travail of His soul, and shall be satisfied; by His knowledge shall My righteous Servant [not Son, necessarily] justify many; for He shall bear their iniquities.
Acts 3: 22-23
For Moses truly said unto the fathers, “A PROPHET SHALL THE LORD YOUR GOD RAISE UP UNTO YOU OF YOUR BRETHREN, LIKE UNTO ME; HIM SHALL YOU HEAR N ALL THINGS WHATSOEVER HE SHALL SAY UNTO YOU. AND IT SHALL COME TO PASS, THAT EVERY SOUL WHICH SHALL NOT HEAR [OBEY] THAT PROPHET SHALL BE DESTROYED FROM AMONG THE PEOPLE.”
NOTE: Did Peter have in mind someone like a later-day prophet of old, like Moses? None of the gospel narratives or Paul’s epistles uses this quote. Peter does however, refer to Jesus as God’s Son in verse 13, though.
Acts 8: 32-35, 37b
The place of the Scripture which he read was this: HE WAS LED AS A SHEEP TO THE SLAUGHTER; AND LIKE A LAMB DUMB BEFORE HIS SHEARER, SO OPENED HE NOT HIS MOUTH; IN HIS HUMLIATION HIS JUDGMMENT WAS TAKEN AWAY; AND WHO SHALL DECLARE HIS GENERATION? FOR HIS LIFE IS TAKEN FROM THE EARTH [Cp. Isaiah 53: 7b-8]. And the eunuch answered Philip and said, “I ask you, of whom speaks the prophet this, of himself or some other man?” Then Philip opened his mouth and began at the same Scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. And he [the eunuch] answered and said, “I believe that Jesus is the Son of God.”
NOTE: This passage in Isaiah, which is one of the most striking and definitive as far as connecting Jesus as the Messiah, is not mentioned anywhere else in the New Testament [that I am aware of]; and this is quite surprising.
Acts 9: 20
And immediately he [Saul/Paul] preached Christ in the synagogues, that He is the Son of God.
NOTE: After having the supernatural experience with the risen Jesus on the Damascus road earlier (Cp. Acts 9: 1-5) why doesn’t the narrative say that Saul proved from the Scriptures in the synagogue [Tanakh] that Jesus was the Son of God? There are some who make a distinction between the mortal Jesus and the spiritual being called the Christ. Not only that, but what Scriptural passages did he exegete [teach from]?
Acts 10: 38
How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit [Ha Ruach Kodesh] and power: Who went about doing good and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with Him.
NOTE: In this verse is the real meaning of the word “Christ” [Gr. Christos/Heb. Mashiyach], which simply means, “anointed” or consecrated and set apart for a particular purpose [service to God]. Isaiah 45: 1a says: Thus says the LORD to His anointed [Heb. Mashiyach], to Cyrus, whose right hand I have held up, to subdue nations before him.
Acts 13: 23
Of this man’s seed [King David-verse 22] had God according to His promise raised unto Israel a Savior, Jesus.
NOTE: The Hebrew word for Savior is “Moshia” or Messiah.
Acts 13: 32-37
And we declare unto you glad tidings [Gr. Evangelion-“Good News” or the gospel], how that the promise which was made unto the fathers, God has fulfilled the same unto us their children in that He had raised up Jesus again; as it is also written in the second psalm: “THOU ART MY SON, THIS DAY HAVE I BEGOTTEN YOU (Cp. Psalms 2: 7b).” And as concerning that He raised Him [Jesus] up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, He [God] said on this wise, “I WILL GIVE YOU THE SURE MERCIES OF DAVID (Cp. Isaiah 55: 3b).” Wherefore he said in another psalm, “THOU SHALT NOT SUFFER THY HOLY ONE TO SEE CORRUPTION (Cp. Psalms 16: 10).” For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of God, fell on sleep (died), and was laid unto his fathers, and saw corruption: But He [Jesus], whom God raised up again, saw no corruption.
NOTE: There are a few things to comment on here. Did God the Father accept Jesus as His only-begotten Son on the “day” that He raised Him from the dead (Cp. Colossians 1: 18a), from birth out of Mary’s womb (Cp. Hebrews 1: 6) or at His baptism in the Jordan River? Also, Jesus as the “only begotten” Son of God in Acts 13: 33 is derived from the prophesy of Psalms 2: 7b, and this passage in the Psalms is not referred to in the gospels at all; in fact, the only time that the term “only begotten” Son of God is found almost exclusively in John 1: 14, 18; 3: 16, 18; 1 John 4: 9, and the author of the book of Hebrews uses the term “begotten” instead of only-begotten (Cp. 1: 5 and 5: 5). Acts 13: 35 and Paul’s use of Psalms 16: 10 is a shorter version of Peter’s longer message starting in Acts 2: 22-24. Acts 2: 25 is from Psalms 16: 8; Acts 2: 26 is from Psalms 16: 9; Acts 2: 27 is from Psalms 16: 10; and Acts 2: 28 is from Psalms 16: 11.
Acts 17: 2-3
And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three Sabbaths reasoned with them out of the Scriptures [Tanakh], opening and alleging that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you is the Christ.
NOTE: Did Paul use more passages like those found in Psalms 16: 9b-11; Psalms 22: 1, 6-8, 13-18 or Isaiah 53: 1-12; and just what Scriptures did he use to prove his point?
Acts 17: 10-11
And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night to Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. These were nobler than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the Scriptures daily, whether those things were so.
NOTE: Where in the Scriptures did they look to as reference material?
Acts 18: 24, 27-28
And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the Scriptures, came to Ephesus. And when he was disposed to pass into Achaia, the brethren wrote, exhorting the disciples to receive him: who, when he was come, helped them much which had believed by grace. For he mightily convinced the Jews, and that publicly [not just in the synagogue], showing (proving) by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ.
NOTE: Again, like the Apostle Paul, what were his references in the Tanakh [Old Testament]?
Acts 26: 22-23a
Having therefore obtained help from God, I [the apostle Paul] continue to this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come. That Christ should suffer, and that He should [would] be the first that should [would] rise from the dead.
NOTE: Basically, the few Scriptures that mainly detail such things are again, Psalms 2: 7; Psalms 16: 9b-11; Psalms 22: 1, 6-8, 13-18; Isaiah 53: 1-12 and Zechariah 12: 10.
Colossians 1: 13, 15
God has delivered us from the power of darkness, and has translated us into the kingdom of His dear Son: Who is the firstborn of every creature.
Revelation 3: 14
And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write: These things says the A-men, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God.
NOTE: These passages in Colossians and Revelation are quite controversial, in that on the surface it seems to say the Son did not co-exist eternally with God the Father but rather was the first emanation of divine will and from and through Him [the Son] all of creation was formed and brought into manifestation from beginning [afterward].
1Timothy 2: 5
For there is only one God, and one mediator between God and men; the man Jesus Christ.
NOTE: The book of Hebrews puts it a little differently, as in the following:
Hebrews 1: 1-3, 8-12
God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spoke in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, has in these last days spoken unto us by His Son, whom He has appointed heir of all things, by whom also He made the worlds; Who being the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high; being made so much better than the angels, as He had by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. But unto the Son He [God the Father] says, “YOUR THRONE, O GOD, IS FOREVER AND FOREVER: A SCEPTER OF RIGHTEOUSNESS IS THE SCEPTER OF YOUR KINGDOM. YOU HAVE LOVED RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HATED INIQUIY; THEREFORE GOD, EVEN THY GOD HAS ANOINTED YOU WITH THE OIL OF GLADNESS ABOVE YOUR FELLOWS (Cp. Psalms 45: 6-7). AND, YOU LORD, IN THE BEGINNING HAS LAID THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE EARTH; AND THE HEAVENS ARE THE WORK OF YOUR HANDS: THEY SHALL PERISH; BUT YOU REMAIN; AND THEY SHALL WAX OLD AS A GARMENT. AND AS VESTURE SHALL YOU FOLD THEM UP, AND THEY SHALL BE CHANGED: BUT YOU ARE THE SAME AND THE YEARS SHALL NOT FAIL (Cp. Psalms 102: 25-27).” [The context of even these passages do not definitively pertain to the Messiah or the Son of God as derived from Psalms, but are woven together to prove the anonymous writer’s point of view].
1 John 1: 3
That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that you may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with His Son Jesus Christ.
1 John 3: 23a
And this is His [God the Father] commandment. That we should believe on the name of His Son Jesus Christ.
1 John 4: 15
Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwells in him, and he in God.
1 John 5: 5
Who is he that overcomes the world, but he that believes that Jesus is the Son of God.
NOTE: See also verses 9b-13 and 20.
CONCLUSION: It can be observed from reading the many examples in the gospel narratives that there was varying opinions as to who Jesus was. He was called the son of David a few times and at others, the prophet from Nazareth. Some people thought He was one of the prophets of the old patriarchal days that God had resurrected, and Jesus mostly referred to Himself by the prophetical title “Son of Man,” mostly found in the books of Ezekiel and Isaiah. In fact, Jesus sternly warned people not to call Him the Christ [Mashiyach/Messiah]. The gospel of John is the only one where Jesus actually says that He is the Son of God (Cp. John 9: 35; 10: 36; and so on). Peter confesses Jesus as the Son of God (Cp. Matthew 16: 16; John 6: 40, 69). The disciples believe that Jesus is the Son of God after He rebukes the wind (Cp. Matthew 14: 33) but in the other Synoptic accounts the disciples wonder what kind of man is this that rebukes the winds and the waves (Cp. Mark 4: 41; Luke8: 24-25) and in John’s gospel the disciples are not recorded as saying anything at all about the event (Cp. John 6: 18-21).
Nathanael calls Jesus the Son of God and King of Israel (Cp. John 1: 18, 34 and 49) and Martha confesses that Jesus is the Son of God (Cp. John 11: 23-27). All the gospels mention about the high priest asking Jesus if He was the Son of God or the Blessed One just to gather incriminating evidence that might be used to condemn Him for blasphemy. The thing is though, what about the ‘Shema’ of Deuteronomy 6: 4- “Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God [HaShem] is one (echad) LORD?” According to numerous passages in Isaiah there is no other God (Cp. Isaiah 43: 11; 44: 6; 45: 5-6, 21; 47: 8, 10) as well as in Deuteronomy 4: 35, so it is interesting to speculate how a believing Jew in the first century could process mentally, emotionally and religiously belief in a Son of God along with God of the patriarchs as such, and yet accept or believe Jesus when He says in John 6: 38, 42-“For I came down from heaven, not to do My will but Him that sent Me.” And they said, “Isn’t this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How is it then that He says, I came down from heaven?” Jesus also said, “I and the Father are one.” Then the Jews took up stones again to stone Him. (Cp. John 10: 30-31). Lastly, for further study regarding the human and divine nature of Jesus, one should read about the Ecumenical councils: The First Ecumenical Council in Nicea, Asia Minor (325 CE); The Second Ecumenical Council, Constantinople (381 CE); The Third Ecumenical Council at Ephesus (431 CE); The Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451 CE); The Fifth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople (553 CE) and The Sixth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople (680-681 CE).
Robert Randle
776 Commerce St. #B-11
Tacoma, WA 98402
May 6, 2012
robertrandle51@yahoo.com
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